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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Axial skeleton
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consists of the bones of the skull, thorax, and vertebral column. These elements form the longitudinal axis of the body
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Characteristics of axial skeleton
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-framework that supports and protects organs in the ventral body cavities
-houses special sense organs -provides surface area for the attachment of muscles -joints of axial skeleton permit limited movement, but they are very strong and often heavily reinforced with ligaments |
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How many bones are in the axial skeleton?
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22 bones
(8 cranium and 14 facial bones) |
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Bones of the cranium
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Frontal, Parietal (2), Occipital, Temporal (2), Sphenoid, Ethmoid
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Lambdoid suture
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the lambdoid suture arches across the posterior surface of the skull, separating the occipital bone from the parietal bones
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Sagittal suture
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the sagittal suture begins at the superior midline of the lambdoid suture and extends anteriorly between the parietal bones to the coronal suture
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Coronal suture
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anteriorly, the sagittal suture ends when it intersects the coronal suture. The coronal suture crosses the superior surface of the skull, separating the frontal bone from the more posterior parietal bones
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Squamous suture
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a squamous suture on each side of the skull marks the boundaries between the temporal bone and the parietal bone
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Frontonasal suture
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the frontonasal suture is the boundary between the superior aspects of the two nasal bones and the frontal bone
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Maxillary bones
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-largest facial bones
-together form upper jaw -articulates with all other facial bones except the mandible |
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Palatine bones
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-small L-shaped bones
-articulate with the maxillae to form the posterior portions of the hard palate |
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Nasal bones
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articulate with frontal bones at the midline of the face at the frontonasal suture
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Zygomatic bones
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cheek bones
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Lacrimal bones
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-smallest bones of the skull
-enclose tear ducts -corner of orbits |
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Vomer
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-form inferior portion of nasal septum
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Mandible-
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forms entire lower jaw
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Inferior nasal conchae
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-paired scroll like bones
-located on each side of nasal septum, attached to the lateral wall of the nasal cavity |
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Facial bones of the skull
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-Maxillary (2)
-Palatine (2) -Zygomatic (2) -Lacrimal (2) -Nasal (2) -Vomer -Inferior Nasal conchae (2) -Mandible |
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Fontanel
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a relatively soft, flexible, fibrous region between two flat bones in the developing skull
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Primary curvature
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-thoracic and sacral curves
-because they appear late in fetal development |
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Secondary curvature
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-lumbar and cervical curves
-help shift trunk weight over the legs as the child begins to stand |
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How many bones are in the vertebral column?
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26 bones
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Regions of the vertebral column
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Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Coccygeal
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Spinal Curvatures
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Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, pelvic
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How many curvatures are present in an infant?
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Two, thoracic and sacral
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Body of vertebra
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Centrum
part of vertebra that transfers weight along the axis of the vertebral column --each vertebra articulates with neighboring vertebrae, the bodies are interconnected by ligaments and separated by intervertebral discs |
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What comprises the vertebral arch?
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Vertebral foramen, laminae, pedicles
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Vertebral foramen
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In a typical vertebra, the vertebral foramen is the foramen formed by the anterior segment (the body), and the posterior part, the vertebral arch.
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Laminae
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The laminæ are two broad plates, extending dorsally and medially from the pedicles, fusing to complete the roof of the vertebral arch
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Spinous process
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The spinous process of a vertebra is directed backward and downward from the junction of the laminae (in humans), and serves for the attachment of muscles and ligaments
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Intervertebral foramina
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gaps between pedicles of successive vertebrae.
--permit the passage of nerves running to or from the enclosed spinal cord |
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Vertebral canal
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vertebral arches of the vertebral column together form the vertebral canal, a space that encloses the spinal cord
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Atlas
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C1
-holds up the head -articulates with occipital condyles of skull at the superior articular facet of the superior articular process -lacks body -during development, atlas fuses with the axis--body becomes the dens |
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Axis
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C2
-It forms the pivot upon which the first cervical vertebra (the atlas), which carries the head, rotates. The most distinctive characteristic of this bone is the strong odontoid process ("dens") which rises perpendicularly from the upper surface of the body. |
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Vertebra prominens
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C7
-interface between cervical curve and thoracic curve -long, slender spinous process that ends in a broad tubercle --->effected by whiplash |
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Cervical vertebrae
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-7
-smallest of vertebrae -body is small compared with the size of the triangular vertebral foramen -has transverse foramen -supports skull, stabilizes relative positions of brain and spinal cord, allows controlled head movement |
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Thoracic vertebrae
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-12
-heart shaped body, more massive than that of cervical -vertebral foramen is smaller -all but two have facets for rib articulations -supports weight of head,neck, upper limbs, organs of thoacic cavity -articulates with ribs to allow changes in volume of thoracic cage |
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Lumbar vertebrae
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-5
-most massive vertebral body -smallest vertebral foramen -supports weight of head, neck, upper limbs, organs of thoacic and abdominal cavities |
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sacrum
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only one bone, formed through fusion of 5 bones
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Auricular surface
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place for articulation between sarcrum and pelvic girdle
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Coccyx
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The coccyx provides an attachment site for a number of ligaments and for a muscle that constricts the anal opening
result of the fusion of individual vertebrae |
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Functions of throacic cage
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-protects the heart, lungs, thymus, and other structures in the thoracic cavity
-serves as attachment point for muscles involved with 1. respiration 2. position of vertebral column 3. movements of pectoral girdle and upper limbs |
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How many ribs?
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12 pairs
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vertebrosternal
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true ribs
ribs 1-7 at the anterior body wall the true ribs are connected to the sternum by separate costal cartilages |
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vertebrochondral
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false ribs
ribs 8-12 do not attach directly to the sternum, costal cartilages of ribs 8-10 fuse together before reaching the sternum. ribs 10-12 have no connection to the sternum |
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floating ribs
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ribs 10-12
no connection to the sternum |
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costal groove
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groove in the ribs where blood vessels and nerves travel
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Manubrium
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articulates with the clavicles of the appendicular skeleton and the costal cartilages of the first pair of ribs
only bony connection between upper limb and axial skeleton |
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Body of sternum
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attaches ribs 2-7
ribs 8-10 are also attached to the body, but by a single pair of cartilages shared with rib pair 7 |
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xiphoid process
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smallest part of the sternum
-diaphragm and rectus abdominis muscle attach to xiphoid process -breaks off really easily, can lacerate the liver during CPR |
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Jugular notch
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shallow indentation on the superior surface of the manubrium, located between the clavicular articulations
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