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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Matter |
Anything that takes up space and has mass |
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Mass |
Amount of material in matter, equals weight |
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Atoms |
Smallest stable units of matter; building blocks of all living and non-living things |
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Proton |
In nucleus, positive charge, provides mass & identity |
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Neutron |
In nucleus, no charge, provides mass |
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Electron |
In electron shell, negative change, allows interaction with other atoms (bonding) |
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Atomic number |
Number of protons in an atom (number of protons equals number of electrons) |
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Mass number |
Total number of proto s and neutrons in nucleus |
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Element |
Pure substance composed of atoms of only one kind |
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Valence shell |
Outermost energy level forming "surface" of atom |
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Valence electrons |
Electrons in outermost energy level |
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Ionic bond |
Involves loss/gaining of one or more electrons, creating bond by electrical attraction |
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Ion |
Atoms that has unequal number of protons/electrons creating charge |
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Cation |
Ion with positive charge |
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Anion |
Ion with negative charge |
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Ionization |
Dissociation of bonds that separate cations from anions that can now take part in other chemical reactions |
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Covalent bonds |
Involve sharing of electons between atoms creating a bond |
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Antioxidant |
Molecules that safely interact with free radicals, neutralizing them before vital molecules are damaged |
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Free radical |
Destructivd ion or molecule containing unpaired electrons in the valence energy level |
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Element |
Pure substance made up by only one kind of atom |
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Hydrogen bond |
When hydrogen shares its electron with other atoms its proton keeps slight positive charge which allows it to form weak bonds with other slightly negative atoms |
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Acid |
Substance that increases hydrogen ion concentration in a water solution when dissociation occurs, strong acids dissociate completely |
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Base |
Substance that decreases hydrogen concentration in a water solution by releasing hydroxyl ions to form water molecules with the hydrogen, strong bases dissociate completely |
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Surface tension |
Water uses hydrogen bonds to create a barrier the keeps small objects from entering |
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Reactants |
Reacting substances in a chemical reaction |
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Products |
Substances formed during chemical reaction |
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Kinetic energy |
Energy of motion that can be transferred to another object and do work |
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Potential energy |
Stored energy that has the potential to do work |
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Enzyme |
Special proteins that promote chemical reactions by lowering their required activation energy |
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Catalyst |
Compounds that speed up chemical reactions without being permanently changed or consumed; enzymes belong to this class of compounds |
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Hydrophobic |
Compounds that do not readily interact with water |
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Hydrophilic |
Compounds that readily interact with water |
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Specificity |
Every enzyme catalyzes only one type of reaction |
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Cofactor |
Helper molecule that has to bind an enzyme before a substrate can bind to it (regulation process) |
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Adenosine Triphosphate |
ATP = created by phosphorylation of ADP, consists of adenine, ribose and three phosphate groups. It's the high energy compound derived from nucleotides |
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Nucleotides |
Building blocks of nucleic acids, made of 3 components: nitrogenous base, penrose sugar, phosphate group |
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RNA |
Ribonucleic acid, performs protein synthesis as directed by DNA |
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DNA |
Deoxyribonucleic acid, stores genetic information that controls protein synthesis |
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Magnesium |
Mg |
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Calcium |
Ca |
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Chlorine |
Cl |
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Zinc |
Zn |
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Copper |
Cu |