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58 Cards in this Set
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- Back
Adverse effects of antimicrobials
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hypersensitivity=anaphylaxis usually within 5-30 minutes
acute interstitial nephritis hematuria, oliguria, proteinuria, pyuria reversible monitor creatinine/BUN superinfection thrush pseudomembranous colitis |
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Pseudomembranous colitis
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severe diarrhea with blood, pus, and mucus
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angioedema
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swelling of the toungue and troat
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What solutions are most antibiotics diluted wtih
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D5W
NS D5 1/4NS D5 1/2NS |
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Vancomycin is infused over ________ hours?
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up to 2 hours
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Beta Lactam
Penicillin G is used to treat? Route? |
DOC-streptococcoal pharyngitis
Prevent-Rheumatic fever, bacterial enocarditis Given-PO,IM, IV |
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When given drugs IV, what should be done before administering?
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check infusion rate
compatibility tube patency |
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Beta Lactam
Penicillin V |
derivative of Penicillin G
Oral Form- penicillin-ase resistant penicillins DOC- penicillin G resistant staphylococci |
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Penicillin
Naficillin- Nurse should remember ? when giving this drug IV? |
very irritating to the vein
may be administered with bicarbonate Non compatible with any other drug could crystallize= STOP IV STAT Infuse= over 1 hour |
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To appropriately manage clients receiving anti-infective drugs you must
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1. treat the bug with the appropriate drug. 2.Cultures, when ordered, should be obtained prior to giving the initial dose of the anti-infective drug
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To maximize the therapeutic effect anti-infectives, how should doses be scheduled?
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1.Doses should be scheduled and given in evenly spaced intervals.
2.The full course of therapy should always be completed. |
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To minimize adverse effects of anti-infectives
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1. adhere to the 6 rights of drug administration, the manufacturer's instructions, and appropriately educate the client and family
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Tetracyclines
What are some drugs closely related to Tetracycline |
1.semi synthetic broad spectrum antibiotics.
2.is the prototype. 3. related drugs= Doxyclycline used to treat Lyme disease Minocycline: used to treat carriers of Neisseria meningitis Demeclocycline: used to treat tumors that secret anti diuretic hormone |
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Tetracycline is used to treat? How is it given? Contraindications
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STDs, acne, uncomplicated infections caused by Chlamydia
PO contraindications: known allergy, pregnancy and lactation, children |
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Adverse effects of Tetracycline on the GI, immune, and neurologial.
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GI: diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, damage to enamel
immune: super infection, bone marrow depression neurological: photosensitivity |
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Tetracycline drug/drug interactions and food/drug interactions
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Drug/drug interactions=Penicillin G, oral contraceptives
Food/drug interactions= food and dairy products |
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What can happen if a pregnant woman or child is taking tetracycline?
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pregnant= brown the teeth and depress bone growth of unborn children
Children =staining the teeth |
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What is the infusion rate for tetracycline?
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IVBP= 1-4 hours
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Nursing actions to minimize adverse effects of tetracycline?
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1.Administer 1 hour before or 2 hours after meals
2.Be sure that the client is adequately hydrated 3.Provide appropriate client education 4.advise client to avoid sunlight or to protect skin 5.instruct how to take drug, symptoms to report 6.advise client not to take with milk instruct females to use alternative method of contraception while taking the drug |
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What antibiotics can cause birth control pills to be ineffective.
think taps! |
Tetracycline
ampilicillin PCN V sulfonamides |
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What are some general guidelines when administering antibiotics
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1.take on empty stomache or light snack
2.take with a full glass of water 3.if nausea is persistant DO NOT stop taking medication=call doctor |
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SULFONAMIDES AND URINARY ANTISEPTICS
What is the prototype ? |
Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxasole- (Bactrim) is the prototype
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Sulfonamide
Other drugs used to treat UTIs include closely related drugs to sulfonamide. |
Sulfisoxazole
Sulfadiazine -UTI's rheumatic fever, meningitis, toxoplasmosis Sulfasalazine(azulidine)=ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis |
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What should be assessed before administering a sulfa antibiotic?
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If the client has an allergy to PCN
they will probable have an allergic reaction to sulfa drugs |
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First line drugs used to treat tuberculosis include
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1.Isoniazid
2.Rifampin 3.Ethambutol 4.Pyzinamide 5. Streptomycin. |
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Prototype for antitubercular drugs
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Isoniazid
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Indications for the use of anit-TB drugs
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indications: prevention or treatment susceptible mycobacterium infections
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route of administration for TB drugs?
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PO, I.M., excreted in urine,feces, sputum, present in breast milk
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contraindications for TB antibiotic drugs?
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pregnancy precautions:
chronic liver disease renal insufficiency alcoholism malnutrition seizure disorders |
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adverse effects of Tb antibiotic drugs ?
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hepatitis, elevated liver enzymes, peripheral neuropathy, encephalopathy, impaired memory, toxic psychosis, endocrine changes, GI disturbance, hematological alterations, integumentary alterations
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Interventions to minimize adverse effects of TB antibiotic drugs
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give with food for GI upset
monitor appropriate labs for adverse drug effects, if hepatitis develops drug should be stopped client and family education should be ongoing it is important to stress the need for compliance with long term therapy and follow- up medical care for the duration of therapy |
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What symptoms would indicate that a client who is taking Isoniazid is experiencing hepatic toxicity?
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malaise
jaundice nausea |
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What can be given with TB drugs to minimize peripheral neuropathy?
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Pyridoxine = Vitamin B6 25-50mg q/day
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If a client is taking TB antibiotic drugs and is experiencing peripheral neuropathy, what is the client at risk for?
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Risk for falls
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A client who is taking Isoniazid should be instructed to avoid which substances?
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alcohol
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Prototype drug for Macrolides
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Erythromycin
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Used mainly to treat systemic bacterial infections.
Classes include: |
aminoglycosides
cephalosporins tetracyclines clindamycin and lincomycin |
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What do AMINOGLYCOSIDES do?
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Provide effective bactericidal activity against: aerobic gram-negative bacilli; some aerobic gram-positive bacteria; mycobacteria; and some protozoa.
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Aminoglycosides currently in use include
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amikacin sulfate
gentamycin sulfate-narrow range=peak&trought kanamycin sulfate neomycin sulfate=suppression of intestinal bacteria=PO netilmicin sulfate paromomycin sulfate streptomycin sulfate=noncomplicance could be fatal tobramycin sulfate |
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AMINOGLYCOSIDES
Pharmacokinetics: |
Given IM or IV; absorbed poorly from the GI tract.
Distributed widely; cross the placental barrier but not the blood-brain barrier. Not metabolized; excreted primarily by the kidneys. |
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AMINOGLYCOSIDES
Pharmacodynamics: |
Act as a bactericidal agents by interrupting protein synthesis in the microorganism
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Aminoglycosides
Pharmacotherapeutics: Most useful in treating |
serious nosocomial infections such as bacteremia, peritonitis, and pneumonia; UTIs caused by enteric bacilli; CNS and eye infections
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Amnoglycosides Interactions with other drugs can cause?
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neuromuscular reactions, ototoxicity, and kidney toxicity
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Aminoglycosides: Gentamicin= When are
peak and trough drawn ? |
peak=30-60 after drug is gives
trough= just before dose is given |
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Aminoglycosides= Gentamicin= What is the peak range and the trough range
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5-8=peak
<2 = trough |
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Why is a peak and trough drawn with gentimicin=aminoglycoside??
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because it is highly nephrotoxic
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FLUOROQUINOLONES are used to treat.
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Used to treat UTIs
URIs pneumonia gonorrhea. |
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Fluoroquilolones; drugs in this class
How are they given??? |
Ciprofloxacin
Levogloxacin=Levaquin Norfloxacin Mostly given PO |
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What adverse effects are associated with beta-lactam drugs and how may they be prevented or minimized?
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Hypersensitivity: ask client about allergies to PCN before administering.
Phlebitis at IV site and pain at IM sites: mix according to directions and observe the site frequently. Superinfection: use only when the organism has been identified. Nausea and vomiting: administer with a full glass of water. Diarrhea, colitis, pseudomembranous colitis: discontinue use and switch to another class of drug. Nephrotoxicity: observe for adequate urine output; blood, urea, nitrogen; and serum creatinine. Neurotoxicity: observe for confusion and neuromuscular irritability; if present, discontinue drug. Bleeding: observe for ecchymosis and petechiae. |
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How are penicillins and other beta-lactam drugs excreted?
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They are rapidly excreted by the kidneys in urine. An exception to this is nafcillin, which is excreted by the liver.
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When giving injections of penicillin in an outpatient setting, it is recommended to keep clients in the area and observe them for at least 30 minutes. Why?
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This time allows you to observe for hypersensitivity or anaphylaxis.
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What are the signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis?
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Rash, hives, difficulty breathing, dizziness, drop in blood pressure, fainting, and respiratory distress all signal an anaphylactic reaction that may be life-threatening.
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For clients with renal impairment, which drugs in this chapter require reduced doses?
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Most of the drugs, except nafcillin, require reduced doses.
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What anti bacterial drugs from this chapter may cause pseudomembranous (antibiotic-associated) colitis?
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Ampicillin and cephalosporins may cause pseudomembranous colitis.
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Which viral infections may be prevented by administration of antiviral drugs?
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Influenza A may be prevented by administering after exposure. AIDS may be prevented from transference to the fetus in utero with antiviral treatment. Viral vaccines may prevent poliomyelitis, measles, rubella, mumps, smallpox, chicken pox, and yellow fever. Vaccines are also available for influenza and rabies.
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What are the major adverse effects associated with commonly used antiviral drugs? How would you assess for each of these adverse effects?
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Many of these drugs are metabolized by the liver. LFTs and assessment of skin and sclera for jaundice are necessary. These drugs are primarily excreted by the kidneys, and creatinine clearance needs to be monitored as well as I&O and complaints of flank pain. Bone marrow depression can occur with ganciclovir.
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Why is it important to monitor renal function in any patient receiving a systemic antiviral drug?
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These drugs are primarily excreted by the kidneys.
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List nursing interventions to prevent or minimize adverse effects of anti-HIV drugs.
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The client may need antiemetics for nausea and vomiting. Promote a high-protein and high-calorie diet with snacks. Monitor laboratory values of viral loads, CD4+ count, CBC, creatinine clearance, and LFTs. Maintain hydration through PO fluids or IV as necessary. Monitor respiratory effort and rate. Minimize exposure to opportunistic infections. Good hand washing is necessary.
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