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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Helicase
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unwinds dna
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polymerase
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replicates
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ligase
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bonds okazaki fragments
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topoisomerase
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keeps DNA from knotting
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restriction enzymes
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used to cut DNA molecules in specific places. It is from bacteria
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Palindromic sequences
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base sequence reads the same as its complement in opposite directions
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vector molecule
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transports DNA fragment into cell (bacteriophages, plasmids, viruses)
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transformation
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uptake of foreign DNA into cells (horizontal gene transfer)
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genomic library
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collection of DNA fragments that represent all the DNA in the genome
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chromosome library
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all the DNA fragments in that specific chromosome
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DNA library
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makes DNA copies of mature mRNA (it is produced using reverse transcriptase)
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genetic probes
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segments of single stranded DNA that can hybridize to complementary base sequences in target gene
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polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
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DNA is denatured then primers attach to the primer binding site on each DNA strand then each strand acts as a template for DNA synthesis
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gel electrophoresis
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separate DNA or RNA fragments or polypeptides by size (Northern, Southern and Western blots)
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Southern blot
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DNA fragments
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northern blot
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RNA fragments
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western blot
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polypeptides
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DNA sequencing
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yields information about the structure of genes and the probable amino acid sequences of its encoded proteins
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applications of DNA therapy
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gene therapy, tissue engineering, recombinant DNA (insulin, growth hormone, etc) and DNA typing
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transgenic organisms
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foreign DNA incorporated into their genetic material
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cell determination
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groups of cells become committed and leads to cell differentiation due to differential gene expression
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nuclear equivalence
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nuclei of all differentiated cells are genetically identical
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somatic cells
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all cells except for egg and sperm
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germ line cells
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gametes (primary oocytes and spermatocytes)
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totipotency
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capability of cells to direct development of organisms
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stem cells
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undifferentiated cells that can produce differentiated descendants and can reproduce themselves
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pluripotent stem cells
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more specialized cells
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maternal effect genes
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organized structure of egg cell
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egg polarity genes
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determine which part of the egg is dorsal or ventral; anterior or posterior
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gap genes
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interpret the maternal anterior/posterior info
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pair rule genes
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divide the embryo into paired strips
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segment polarity genes
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divide each segment into anterior and posterior halves
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homeotic genes
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determine body plan( developmental plan for each segment)
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homeobox
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codes for a protein functional region (affects transcription)
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hox genes
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clusters of homeobox-containing genes that specify the anterior/posterior axis during development
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