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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
fermentation
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a partial degredation of sugars that occurs without the use of oxygen
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typs of fermentation
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lactic acid and alcohol fermentation
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cellular respiration
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oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with organic fuel. generates energy.
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redox reactions
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the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another
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oxidation
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the loss of electrons from a substance
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reduction
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the addition of electrons to a substance
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reducing agent
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electron donor
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oxidizing agent
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electron acceptor
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NAD+
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a coenzyme important to respiration (enzyme carrier)
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electron transport chain
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a sequence of elctron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release the energy used to make ATP
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glycolysis
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can occur with or without oxygen. Occurs in the cytosol. begins cellular respiration by breaking a glucose down into pyruvate.
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citric acid cycle
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occurs in the mitochondria completes the breakdown of glucose by oxidizing a derivative of pyruvate to carbon dioxide
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acetyl CoA
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pyruvate is converted to this compound upon entering the mitochondrion, enabling the citric acid cycle to begin
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cytochromes
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electron carriers between ubiquione and oxygen
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chemiosmosis
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a process in which energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane is used to derive cellular work
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lactic acid fermentation
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pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactate as an end product (woth no release of carbon dioxide)
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facultative anaerobes
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species that make enough ATP to survive using either fermentation or respiration
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beta oxidation
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breaks the fatty acids down to two-carbon fragments, which enter the Kreb's Cycle at acetyl CoA
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photosynthesis
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converts light to energy (used in plants)
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autotroph
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self-feeder, can create own food
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photoautotrophs
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use light as a source of energy to synthesize organic substances
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heterotrophs
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consumers, feed on the compounds produced by other organisms
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chemoautotrophs
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get energy from oxidizing organic molecules
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chlorophyll
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a green pigment located within a chloroplast
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mesophyll
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tissue on the interior of the leaf where chloroplasts are found
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stroma
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microscopic pores through which carbon dioxide enters and oxygen exits
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thylakoids
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separate the stroma from the thylakoid space
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light reactions
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the first (or "photo") step of photosynthesis that converts solar energy to chemical energy
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Calvin Cycle
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the second (or "synthesis") step of photosythesis, produces sugar using ATP and NADH produced by the light reaction, also called the dark reaction
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carbon fixation
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the initial incorporation of carbon into organic compounds
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wavelength
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the distance between the crests of electromagnetic waves
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electromagnetic spectrum
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the entire range of radiation
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visible light
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the segment of the spectrum most important to life (380 nm to 750 nm in wavelength)
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photons
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small particles of light
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spectrophometer
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an instrument that measures the ability of a pigment to absorb various wavelengths of light
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chlorophyll b
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an accessory pigment that helps broaden the spectrum of colors that can be used in photosynthesis (yellow-green)
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carotenoids
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yellow-orange accessory pigment
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photosystem
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composed of a reaction center surrounded by a number of light-harvesting complexes
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light-harvesting complex
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consists of pigment molecules bound to particular proteins
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reaction center
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a protein complex that includes two special chlorophyll a molecules and a molecule called the primary electron acceptor
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primary elecrton acceptor
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a specialized molecule sharing the reaction center with the pair of reaction center chlorophyll a molecules; accepts an electron from one of these two chlorophylls
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photosystem II (PS II) / photosystem I (PS I)
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the two types of photosystems that cooperate in the light reactions of photosynthesis, which are located in the plasma membrane
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noncyclic electron flow
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the predominant route of the two possible routes for electron flow, uses PS I and PS II
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cyclic electron flow
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the other route used for electron flow; uses PS I but not PS II
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glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)
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the three-carbon sugar carbohydrate produced directly from the Calvin Cycle
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rubisco (RuBP carboxylase)
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the enzyme that catalyzes the first step of carbon fixation
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C3 plants
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plants where initial fixation of carbo occurs via rubisco
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photorespiration
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a process of plant respiration; detrimental to plants because it makes carbon dioxide-fixing less efficient
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bundle-sheath cells
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a photosynthetic cell that is arranged into tightly packed sheaths around the vain of the leaf
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C4 plants
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plants that use a route other than the Calvin Cycle to "fix" carbon dioxide
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CAM photosynthesis
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a type of photosynthesis used by desert plants to produce energy. used because the stromates in these plants are closed during the day to reduce excessive water loss
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