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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What happens to a female's oocytes right before birth?
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Oocytes freeze at prophase I and will continue to develop at the start of puberty
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What hormone is released during puberty that causes oocytes to restart?
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FSH
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polar body
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hunk of membrane surrounding chromosomes
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ovulation
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release of oocyte from ovary to the fallopian tube
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When does an oocyte become completely mature?
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When it is fertilized by a sperm cell
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When does the oocyte finish creating the secondary polar body?
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When/If fertilization occurs
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ova (ovum)
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mature female gamete
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The number of ova a female has ever had is equal to...
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the number of times she has been pregnant.
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What 2 structures are responsible for the production of estrogen?
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Both thecal and granular cells are required to make estrogen
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What is synthetic estrogen made from?
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Androstene
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How does synthetic estrogen, made from androstene, work?
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The body converts androstene into estrogen via the thecal/granular cell combo
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What happens to unused/useless follicles in the ovaries?
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Macrophages come in and destroy them to be reused
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What layer in the oocyte lies between the oocyte villi and the granular villi?
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Zona pellucida
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Describe the zona pellucida
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See-through layer of glycoproteins
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What does LH target when it reaches the ovaries?
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Graafian follicle
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graafian follicle
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a nearly mature follicle in the ovary
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After the secondary oocyte is released, what is left in the ovary?
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Corpus luteum
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What is the function of the corpus luteum?
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Release progesterone
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What is the function of estrogen?
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Build up endometrium in the uterus
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What is the function of progesterone?
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Maintain endometrium in the uterus
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What occurs when progesterone levels are too low?
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Endometrium can no longer be maintained and has to be shed through menstruation
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What are the 3 layers of the uterus?
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Perimetrium
Myometrium Endometrium |
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Describe the structure of the myometrium.
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Many layers of smooth muscle that contract during labor
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What hormone is the myometrium extremely sensitive to?
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Oxytocin
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How thick is the endometrium before menstruation?
How thick is the endometrium after menstruation? |
Before 5.0 mm
After 0.5 mm (10x difference) |
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How is the fallopian tube attached to the ovary?
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There is no physical connection between the ovary and the fallopian tube.
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Identify the function of fimbraie.
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Massages ovary to get secondary oocyte into the fallopian tube
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Identify where the vagina begins and ends.
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Begins at the end of the cervix (of the uterus)
Ends at the vestibular glands |
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If your period started today, when did you ovulate?
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14 days ago
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What happens to body temp. during ovulation?
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Body temp. rises
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What are the 2 erectile tissues located in both men and women?
How many tissues are located in each sex? |
Corpus cavernosa
Female (1) Male (2) Corpus spongiosa Female (2) Male (1) |
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When do estrogen levels peak?
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Right before ovulation
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What is the response of the hypothalamus when estrogen levels peak?
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Tells ovaries to release an egg
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What structure represents the corpus cavernosum in a male? in a female?
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Male - penis (superior portion)
Female - clitoris |
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What structure represents the corpus spongiosum in a male? in a female?
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Male - penis (inferior portion)
Female - vestibular bulbs, located at the entrance of vagina |
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What does the corpus luteum become if fertilization does not occur?
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Corpus albicans
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What is the treatment for a women with good follicular development, but no ovulation is occurring?
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LH is given
Tip: "Let go" hormone |
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What is the treatment for a women whose follicles are not developing?
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FSH is given
Note: Follicle stimulating hormone |
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What is the function of vestibular glands?
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Produce sexual lubricant
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Identify the structure of the vestibular glands.
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Greater and minor vestibular gland;
Thick near the uterus, but thins toward the vaginal entrance; Made of corpus spongiosum tissue |
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How deep is the vagina in the relaxed phase?
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3.5-4 inches
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What allows the vagina to get longer and wider with arousal?
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Uterine movement/tenting
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g-spot
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cluster of sensory neurons in the vaginal wall
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Is an orgasm physical?
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No
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What kind of reflex is an orgasm?
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Sympathetic reflex
Note: Same as ejaculation, also sympathetic |
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What occurs in the genitalia during an orgasm?
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Involuntary, rhythmic contractions of the pelvic muscles
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Where does fluid from a female ejaculation come from?
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Vestibular glands
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fertilization window
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time period in the normal menstrual cycle during which fertilization is most likely to occur;
typically 4 days -3 days before -1 day after |
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Explain why the fertilization window is 4 days.
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Sperm cells remain in the female reproductive tract for 3 days.
Secondary oocyte will be viable for about 24 hours after ovulation. |
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Identify 4 problems that could hinder sperm movement.
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Misshapen
Cannot swim Can't make it into uterus Go the wrong fallopian tube |
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corona radiata
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granular cells that are still attached to the secondary oocyte; used for protection
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Why isn't the first sperm cell likely to fertilize/penetrate the secondary oocyte?
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It takes many cells to break down corona radiata and zone pellucida
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When does fertilization occur?
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When sperm gets its nucleus into the secondary oocyte
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What occurs immediately after the sperm's nucleus penetrates the oocyte?
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Oocyte cell depolarizes and deflects all surrounding sperm
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fast block of polyspermy
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depolarization of the oocyte cell membrane in order to the entrance of another sperm cell
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What occurs during the slow block of polyspermy?
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Zona pellucida swells, hardens, and then comes off of oocyte, along with corona radiata and lingering sperm cells
(AKA cortical reaction) |
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Identify the 2 polar bodies.
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1st polar body comes early in the fertilization process; body disposes of it b/c it only contains nucleus
2nd polar body only comes at the end of meiosis II, right after fertilization |
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polyspermy
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fertilization by more than one sperm cell
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zygote
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fertilized cell with 46 chromosomes
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embryo
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fertilized cell made up of 2 or more cells
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fetus
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when embryo becomes recognizable to what species it is; usually occurs at 8 weeks
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gestation
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time spent in prenatal development
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morula
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solid ball of cells (day 3-4)
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blastula
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hollow ball of cells (day 6)
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blastocoele
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hollow cavity inside blastula
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implantation
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fertilized cell burrows in the endometrium at about 7-10 days
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What prevents progesterone levels from decreasing after an egg has been implanted?
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hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin), a hormone that keeps corpus luteum alive
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Where does hCG come from?
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Made by embryo for about 3-4 months
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What structure produces hCG after the embryo stops?
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Placenta is producing progesterone, alone with estrogen
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placenta
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combo of maternal and embryonic tissues that is used for gas/nutrient/waste exchange (via vessels) between mother and fetus
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What happens to the blood vessels in the placenta after birth?
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They rupture.
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What makes myometrium more sensitive during pregnancy?
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Gradually rising levels of estrogen
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Excessive amounts of uterine stretchign will trigger the release of _______.
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oxytocin
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chorion
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protective and nutritive membrane that attaches fetus to the uterus
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amnion
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thin innermost membranous sac enclosing the developing embryo
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ectoderm
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outer germ layer that develops into skin and nervous tissue
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mesoderm
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middle germ layer that develops into muscle and bone and cartilage and blood and connective tissue
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endoderm
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inner germ layer that develops into the lining of the digestive and respiratory systems
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cell differentiation
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the process by which a less specialized cell (immature) becomes a more specialized cell type (mature)
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parturition
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the forcible expulsion of the fetus
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Identify and describe the 3 stages of parturition.
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Dilation - true labor, cervix opens
Expulsion - delivery Placental - ejection of placenta |
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menopause
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the final menstruation of a female
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menarche
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the first occurrence of menstruation in a woman
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