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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cognition |
The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating |
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Prototype |
A mental image or best example or a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin). |
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Algorithms |
Step-by-step procedures that guarantee a solution. |
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Heuristics |
A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms. |
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Insight |
A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem. |
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Creativity |
The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas. |
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Five components of creativity |
Robert Sternberg - Expertise, imaginative thinking skills, venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, creative environment. |
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Confirmation bias |
A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence. |
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Fixation |
The inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective. |
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Functional fixedness |
The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.
Not being able to think of novel ways to use things. |
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Mental set |
A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past. |
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Representativeness heuristic |
Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information.
Stereotyping. |
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Availability heuristic |
Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of vividness), we presume such events are common. |
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Belief perseverence |
Clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited. |
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Intuition |
An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning. |
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Framing |
The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.
95% success rate vs. 5% failure rate |
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Phonemes |
The basic sets of sounds in a language. English uses 40.
b, t, a, ch . . . |
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Morphemes |
The smallest units of language that contain meaning. May be words or part of a word.
Prefixes, suffixes, etc. |
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Babbling stage |
Beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language. |
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Babbling resembles household language |
10 months |
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One-word stage |
The stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words.
Starts at 12 months. |
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Two-word stage (telegraphic speech) |
Children start uttering two-word sentences, similar to old telegraphs, around 24 months. Mostly nouns and verbs, follows syntax.
"Big doggy" |
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Linguistic determinism |
Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think. |