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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
biology
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the study of life
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5 common functions of all living things
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1. responsiveness
2. growth 3. reproduction 4. movement 5. metabolism |
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responsiveness
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organisms respond to changes in their environment
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irritability
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organisms respond to changes in their immediate environment (moving hand away from hot stove)
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adaptability
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the capacity for organisms to make longer-term changes as they adjust to their environment (animal grows heavier coat of fur as winter approaches)
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growth
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over a lifetime, organisms increase in size through the growth of cells
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differentiation
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in multicellular organisms, cells become specialized to perform particular functions
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reproduction
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organisms reproduce, creating subsequent generations of similar organisms
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movement
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organisms are capable of producing movement, which may be internal (transporting food, blood, etc. within the body) or external (moving through the environment)
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metabolism
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all of the chemical operations under way in the body that provide the required energy for responsiveness, growth, movement, and reproduction
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respiration
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the absorption, transport and use of oxygen by cells
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excretion
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the elimination od unneeded or harmful waste products generated by metabolic processes
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digestion
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process in which complex foods are broken down into siimpler components that can be transported and absorbed quickly
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anatomy
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the study of internal and external STRUCTURE and the physical relationships between body parts
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physiology
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how living organisms perform their vital FUNCTIONs
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gross anatomy
a.k.a. macroscopic anatomy |
study of features visible to the unaided eye. Three ways to approach gross anatomy are:
1. surface anatomy 2. regional anatomy, and 3. systemic anatomy |
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surface anatomy
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refers to the study of general form and superficial markings
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regional anatomy
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considers all of the superficial and internal and internal features in a specific region of the body, such as the head, neck, or trunk
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systemic anatomy
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considers the structure of major organ systems, which are groups of organs that function in a coordinated manner, i.e. the cardiovascular system
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microscopic anatomy
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concerns structures that cannot be seen without magnification. Microscopic anatomy can be subdivided into two specialties : cytology and histology.
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cytology
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analyzes the internal structure of individual cells
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histology
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takes a broader perspective and studies tissues, groups of specialized cells and cell products that work together to perform specific functions.
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organs
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Combined tissues, such as the heart, kidney, liver and brain. Many organs can be examined without a microscope, so at the organ level, we cross the boundary into gross anatomy.
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cell physiology
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the study of the functions of living cells
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special physiology
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the study of the physiology of specific organs- for example, cardia physiology (heart function)
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systemic physiology
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considers all aspects of the function of specific organ systems, such as respiratory physiology
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pathological physiology
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study of the effects of diseases on organ or system functions
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Levels of organization prgress from molecules to a complete organism
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1. chemical, or molecular. level
2. cellular level 3. tissue level 4. organ level 5, organ system level 6. organism lelvel |
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chemical (or molecular) level
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atoms, the smallest units of matter, combine to form molecules with complex shapes, which determine the function.
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cellular level
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different molecules can interact to form larger structures, each type of which has a specific function in a cell. Cells, the smallest living units in the body, make up the cellular level of organization
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tissue level
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a tissue is composed of similar cells working together to perform a specific function
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organ level
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an organ consists of two or more tissues together to perform a specific function
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organ system level
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organs interact in an organ system to perform a specific function
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