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140 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What constitutes the body's first line of defense against disease?
the adaptive defense system inflammation intact skin and mucous membranes antimicrobial proteins and various phagocytic cells |
intact skin and mucous membranes
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Which of the following is NOT a nonspecific internal defense against disease?
T cells phagocytes inflammation NK cells |
T cells
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Which defense mechanism results in redness, heat, pain, and swelling?
inflammation antibody production cell-mediated immunity phagocytosis |
inflammation
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Why are children given vaccinations?
to develop antibodies against various diseases to activate the cell-mediated defense against pathogens to see whether the immune system is capable of defense against disease to develop a disease in a mild state rather than have it later on in a more serious state |
to develop antibodies against various diseases
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Which antimicrobial protein is produced by a virus-infected cell?
complement histamine interferon pyrogen |
interferon
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Which of the following does NOT describe the adaptive immune response?
It is systemic. It has memory. It is specific. It occurs immediately after the body is challenged by foreign material. |
It occurs immediately after the body is challenged by foreign material.
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Terms that describe the adaptive immune response include all of the following except?
a. specific b. rapid c.memory d.general e. effective |
d.general
Terms that describe the adaptive immune response include all of the following except? d.general This system is highly specific, rather than general (like the response of phagocytes) If I had to select a second exception it would be b. rapid, because there is a delay after the initial infection whilst the system is being set up. However, subsequent infections are dealt with much more rapidly |
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What mobilizes the adaptive defenses and provokes an immune response?
antigens interferons MHC proteins pyrogens |
antigens
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Which cells engulf antigens and present fragments of them on their own surfaces where they can be recognized by cells that will deal with them?
NK cells plasma cells T lymphocytes dendritic cells |
dendritic cells
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Which cell of the immune system is absolutely required for an adaptive immune response?
helper T cell B cell antigen-presenting cell cytotoxic T cell |
helper T cell
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What types of antigen are recognized by T cells?
free antigens cancer antigens only bacterial antigens only processed fragments of protein antigens displayed on surfaces of body cells |
Processed fragments of protein antigens displayed on surfaces of body cells.
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Helper T cells
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Coordinate humoral and cellular immune responses
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Macrophages
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A common APC
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Mast cells
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Invoke inflammation when IgE cross links to them
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Plasma cells
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Produce immunoglobulins
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Acid mantle
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Covers the skin and limits bacterial growth
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Gamma globulin
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A plasma protein
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Leukocytosis
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Characterized by high numbers of neutrophils
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Opsonization
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This process encourages phagocytosis
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Skin
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First line of defense against invading organisms
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Stomach mucosa
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Produces HCl and enzymes that kill bacteria
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Saliva and tears
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Contains the antibacterial enzyme called lysozyme
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Respiratory tract
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Sticky mucous membrane lined with cilia
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Neutrophils
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Phagocytes; will migrate to the site of an infection within a few hours
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Macrophages
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Derived from circulating monocytes
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Natural killer cells
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A small subgroup of lymphocytes that will attack cancerous cells
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Hyperemia
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Increased blood flow due to vasodilation of blood vessels entering the injured area
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Edema
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Caused by excess blood flow to the injured area; helps to dilute harmful substances and brings in excess oxygen
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Exudate
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Seeps from the capillaries and contains clotting factors and antibodies
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Chemotaxis
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The process in which white blood cells are attracted to the site of an injury
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Chemicals released from injured tissues stimulate rapid proliferation and release of cells
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Leukocytosis
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Neutrophils attach to CAMs on the endothelial linings in the injured area
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Margination
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Neutrophils squeeze through walls of capillaries into the tissues
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Diapedesis
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Inflammatory chemicals attract neutrophils to the injured areas
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Chemotaxis
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Plasma cells
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Secrete antibodies
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Memory B cells
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Remember antigens from one exposure event to the next
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Helper T cells
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Bind to antigen-presenting cells to begin the process of co-stimulation
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Cytotoxic T cells
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Attack and lyse cells that are not "self"
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IgG
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Most abundant antibody found in the plasma
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IgA
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Found in body secretions such as milk, saliva, and sweat
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IgE
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Levels greatly elevated during severe allergic responses
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IgM
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First class released by plasma cells and is indicative of a current infection
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Immunity gained from being exposed to the pathogen and developing the illness
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Active natural
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Immunity gained through injections of dead or attenuated strains of the disease causing agents
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Active artificial
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Immunity gained from transport of antibodies across the placental membrane or through the mother's milk
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Passive natural
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Immunity gained from injections of clonal antibodies to fight off a current pathogen invasion
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Passive artificial
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Disease that destroys the myelin sheaths of the brain and spinal cord
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Multiple sclerosis
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Thyroid gland becomes hyperactive
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Grave's disease
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Disease that destroys the linings of joints
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Rheumatoid arthritis
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Disease that leads to drooping of facial muscles because the neuromuscular junctions are damaged
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Myasthenia gravis
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Defenses we are born with
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Innate
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Defenses we gain through life experiences and exposure to antigens A. Pathogens C.
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Adaptive
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Harmful microorganisms
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Pathogens
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System of proteins that lyse cell membranes
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Complement
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Proteins that attach to antigen
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Immunoglobulins
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A "foreign" molecule which can invoke the immune response is called a(n):
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antigen. Proteins are the strongest antigens.
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Active artificially acquired immunity is a result of:
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vaccination. Usually, dead or attenuated pathogens are used.
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Complement proteins work by:
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forming pores in the membranes of target cells. Complement usually works with antibodies in the "classical pathway."
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Cytotoxic T cells kill target cells:
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through insertion of perforins into the target's membrane. Cytotoxic T cells cause cell lysis.
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Lymphocytes that develop immunocompetence in the thymus are:
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T lymphocytes. T cells get their name from the fact that they develop in the thymus.
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Saliva and lacrimal fluids contain this enzyme that destroys bacteria.
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Lysozyme
Lysozime lyses the cell wall and membrane of bacteria. |
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The immune cell that allows for subsequent recognition of an antigen, resulting in a secondary response, is called a(n):
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memory cell. Memory cells can circulate for years.
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These molecules are secreted by leukocytes and macrophages and result in a fever.
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Pyrogens
Interleukins are paracrine signals used by the immune system. |
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This type of disease results from the inability of the immune system to distinguish self- from nonself-antigens.
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Autoimmune disease
Multiple sclerosis and lupus are good examples of autoimmune disease. |
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When a localized area exhibits increased capillary filtration, hyperemia, and swelling, it is an indication that:
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inflammation is occurring.
Inflammation usually occurs when histamine or complement is mobilized. |
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Which cell does NOT have a direct role in phagocytosis?
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Basophil
Basophils invoke inflammation via release of histamine. |
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Which cells stimulate both arms of the immune response?
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Helper T cells
Without helper T cells, there is no immune response. |
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Which nonspecific defense cells specialize in attacking cancer cells and virus-infected cells?
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Natural killer cells
Natural killer cells are not phagocytic. |
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Which of the following is a nonspecific barrier defense?
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Mucous membranes
Mucous membranes line the hollow tube-like organs of the body that are exposed to the external environment. |
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Which statement below is characteristic of a secondary humoral response?
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It occurs much more rapidly than a primary response.
A secondary response, triggered by memory cells, occurs much more rapidly than a primary response. |
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Which type of molecule is produced by virus-infected cells to communicate to non-infected cells the presence of a virus?
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Interferon
Inteferons turn on genes for antiviral proteins. |
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The process that begins when a helper T cell binds to an MHC class II protein on a displaying cell is known as:
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costimulation. Costimulation is activation of both cells.
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Which of the following is NOT one of the cardinal signs of inflammation?
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Opsonization
All of the cardinal signs are related to increased blood flow into the infected tissues. |
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All of the following are examples of autoimmune disorders, except:
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sickle-cell anemia. Sickle-cell anemia is a genetic blood disorder.
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Which of the following is NOT an innate defense mechanism of the body?
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B lymphocytes
Inflammation is an innate defense mechanism of the body. |
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Which of the following steps is the first step in an inflammatory response?
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Release of leukocytosis, inducing factor
This is the fourth step in the inflammatory response. |
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In the respiratory burst, _____________ are released, which have potent cell-killing ability.
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free radicals
Free radicals have potent cell-killing ability. |
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Leukotrienes cause:
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dilation of the small blood vessels in an injured area.
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Toll-like receptors are found on:
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macrophages.
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Interferons can be used to treat all of the following, except:
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muscular dystrophy.
Cancer can be treated with interferons. |
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All of the following are functions of interferon, except that:
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they only occur naturally.
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Which of the following minerals needed for bacterial reproduction does both the liver and spleen sequester during a fever?
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Zinc
Both the liver and spleen sequester zinc during a fever. |
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Which hypersensitivity is caused by T lymphocytes?
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Delayed
Acute hypersensitive reactions are caused by antibodies. |
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Without __________ there is no adaptive immune response.
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T lymphocytes
Without T lymphocytes there is no adaptive immune response. |
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Which of the following is NOT a surface barrier to pathogen influx?
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Complement cascade
Complement is a system of internal proteins. |
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A person with type-A blood is given a unit of type-B blood; IgM agglutinates the type-B blood.
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True
A person with type-A blood has type-B agglutinins. |
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Delayed hypersensitivity reactions are caused by the cross-linking of antibodies to mast cells or basophils.
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False
Delayed hypersensitivity involves T cells. |
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Immune cells remain relatively immobile within the lymphatic and circulatory system.
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False
T cells account for 75% of the blood-borne lymphocytes. |
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Immunocompetence refers to the ability of the immune system to form antibodies and killing compounds.
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False
T cells become able to recognize self from non-self in the thymus. |
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In addition to cell lysis, complement activation may invoke neutralization, precipitation, and inflammation.
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False
Complements usually work with antibodies. |
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Interleukin 1 (IL-1) is released by helper T cells to stimulate bound T cells.
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False
IL-1 is released by an APC. |
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The HIV attacks helper T cells by binding onto the CD4 proteins.
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True
HIV causes AIDS. |
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The immune system is highly adaptive because gene coding for antibodies display somatic recombination.
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True
The humoral immune mechanism may have the capacity to generate over a billion types of antibodies. |
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Plasma cells are responsible for "remembering" what a pathogen looks like.
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False
Plasma cells produce antibodies. |
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Binding of a helper T cell with an antigen-displaying cell will lead to costimulation.
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True
Co-stimulation is an important step in the specific immune response. |
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Neutrophils respond to infection by releasing antibody proteins into the blood.
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False
Neutrophils are voracious phagocytes. |
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The polio vaccine is an example of active artificial immunotherapy.
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True
The polio vaccine injects attenuated virus into your body. |
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Self-antigens are ignored by T cells.
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True
If self antigens were NOT ignored, the immune system would constantly attack itself. In fact, it would cause an autoimmune disease. |
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Dendritic cells are important antigen-presenting cells.
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True
Because dendritic cells are often the first phagocytic cells to encounter antigen, they are the primary APC. |
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Which of the following is not a sign of inflammation?
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Fever
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The first step in inflammation is:
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tissue injury.
See page 770, Figure 21.3. Inflammation progresses as follows: tissue injury, release of pro-inflammatory signals, vascular changes (such as vasodilation and increased vessel permeability), phagocyte mobilization, and tissue repair (healing). |
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Leukocytosis
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An increase in the number of white blood cells that are in circulation
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Margination
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Clinging of phagocytic cells to the inner walls of the capillaries
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Diapedesis
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Phagocytes squeeze through the capillary endothelium
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Chemotaxis
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White blood cells migrate to the site of tissue damage
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See pages 771 and 773. In response to the presence of a foreign antigen there is an increase in the number of white blood cells that are in circulation (leukocytosis).
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The circulating phagocytic cells, such as neutrophils and macrophages, then flow through the blood stream toward the area of inflammation. Once they are in vessels near the site where they are needed, they stick to the endothelium of the vessel (margination) and then they squeeze between vessel endothelial cells to get out of the vessel (diapedesis). Once the phagocytic cells are in the surrounding tissue, they migrate to the target site by following chemical signals (chemotaxis).
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Which of the following is not a property of interferons (IFNs)?
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IFNs stimulate B cells to produce antibodies.
See pages 773-774. Interferons (IFNs) are a group of proteins that have antiviral effects. IFNs also activate macrophages and mobilize natural killer cells (NK cells) that act directly against malignant cells, giving IFNs an anticancer role. |
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A moderate fever is a protective immune response.
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True
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Humoral immunity is provided by:
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antibodies.
See page 776. Adaptive immunity is categorized as being either cellular or humoral. Humoral immunity is facilitated by antibodies, which are made by plasma cells (activated B cells). The chief orchestrators of cellular immunity are T cells. |
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________ are substances that can trigger the adaptive defenses and provoke an immune response.
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Antigens
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________ is the property of lymphocytes that prevents them from attacking the body's own cells.
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Self-tolerance
See page 777. T cells are screened for self-tolerance in the thymus. B cells mature and are screened for self-tolerance in the bone marrow. Self-tolerance is what prevents lymphocytes from attacking the body's own cells. Without self-tolerance, a person develops autoimmune disorders. |
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Self-reactive B cells are eliminated in the:
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bone marrow.
See page 778. T cells are screened for self-tolerance in the thymus. B cells mature in the bone marrow. Self-reactive B cells are eliminated in the bone marrow. |
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Which of the following is a characteristic of a secondary immune response?
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A secondary immune response lasts longer than a primary immune response.
See pages 780-781. A primary immune response is initiated when naïve lymphocytes are exposed to foreign antigens. Re-exposure to the same antigen provokes a secondary response, occurring faster because memory lymphocytes are activated. A secondary response also lasts longer, and produces more-and more effective-antibodies, than a primary response. |
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A vaccination works to establish:
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artificial active immunity.
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IgG
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Most abundant class of antibodies
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IgM
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Large, pentamer-shaped antibody
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IgA
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Dimeric antibody found in body secretions
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IgD
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Antigen receptor found on B cells
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IgE
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Antibody that mediates some allergies
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See page 784. IgG is the most abundant class of antibodies in plasma. Additionally, IgG is the only class of antibodies that normally crosses the placenta to protect the baby in utero. IgM is a large pentameric antibody.
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IgA is a dimeric antibody found in secretions such as mucus, saliva, tears, and breast milk. IgD is an antigen receptor found on B cells. IgE antibodies mediate allergy and protect the body from parasitic infections.
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Which is correctly matched?
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Cytotoxic T cells: activated by antigens bound to MHC I
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MHC II proteins are found on:
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antigen-presenting cells.
See page 789. MHC II proteins are found on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Red blood cells do not express type I or type II MHC proteins. |
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What is the second step of T cell activation?
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Co-stimulation
See pages 789-790. In order for a T cell to be activated and to release interleukins to coordinate an immune response, the T cell must first bind to an antigen. It then receives a co-stimulatory signal. If a T cell binds to an antigen but does not receive a co-stimulatory signal, then the cell enters a state of anergy or non-responsiveness. |
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Which of the following is mismatched?
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Helper T cells: directly target and kill cancer cells
See pages 791-792. T helper cells are lymphocytes that organize the cellular and humoral immune response branches of the immune system. They do not directly target or attack anything; rather, they organize the immune defenses. |
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B cells
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carry out the humoral response. Upon activation, B cells become plasma cells that will produce antibodies.
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Cytotoxic T cells
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carry out cellular immune responses. They target and kill virus-infected cells as well as cancer cells.
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Regulatory T cells
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are able to release inhibitory cytokines to dampen the immune response once the foreign antigen has been cleared from the body.
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A graft that is transplanted from one person to a genetically identical individual (i.e., to an identical twin) is an example of a(n) __________.
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Isograft
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See page 792. Transplanted tissue that most closely resembles "self" tissues will have a higher chance of being accepted by a patient's body. Tissue transplanted from one part of the patient's body to another region of the body (autografts), and grafts that are genetically identical to the tissue of the patient (isografts), are highly successful. An example of an isograft would be a graft between identical twins. The success rate of autografts and isografts is high because these grafts look like "self" tissues, therefore are not rejected as foreign by the patient's immune system.
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In contrast, allografts are not genetically identical to the patient's tissues, but they are similar enough that they often can escape detection by the patient's immune system.
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Xenografts
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are tissues that are transplanted from one species to another species (i.e. transplanting baboon tissue into a human). Upon transplantation, these grafts are readily recognized as foreign by the patient's immune system. Thus, xenografts are not generally accepted by the patient's body and they consequently have a high rate of failure.
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Severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID)
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Genetic defect resulting in a shortage of B and/or T cells
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AIDS
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Condition in which T helper cells are destroyed by a virus
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Rheumatoid arthritis
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Autoimmune disorder
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Immediate hypersensitivity
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Allergy
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Allergic contact dermatitis
See pages 796-799. |
is a delayed hypersensitivity. Delayed hypersensitivities are mediated by special T cells called T delayed hypersensitivity cells or TD cells. The delayed hypersensitivity reaction typically takes 24 to 48 hours to manifest. Immediate hypersensitivities manifest quickly; they are commonly called allergies.
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Anaphylaxis
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A systemic allergic response called anaphylaxis can result from a severe allergy to an ingested or injected allergen.
can lead to shock, and can be fatal. |
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Severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID)
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is a genetic disorder in which the afflicted patient has a deficiency in the number of T and/or B cells.
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AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)
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is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
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HIV
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infects and destroys T helper cells, thereby disrupting the organized defenses of the immune system.
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Rheumatoid arthritis
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is an autoimmune disorder that is characterized by the presence of antibodies to the rheumatoid factor, which is a protein found in the joints.
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