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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the 6 organs of the Immune system?
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Bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, Peyer's Patches
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What does the internal environment of animals provide?
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Conditions for growth of bacteria, viruses, and other organisms
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The first line of defense is made of these
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Skin and mucous membranes, defensive cells and chemicals
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What do the defensive cells and chemicals do in the first line of defense?
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They protect against invaders through skin or openings in the body
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Physical barrier in the first line of defense
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Skin
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What covers the skin in the first line of defense?
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Oily and acidic secretions from sweat glands
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Breaks down the cell walls of bacteria
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Lysozyme
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Where is lysozyme contained?
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Saliva, tears, sweat, and other secretions on mucous membranes
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Lines the nostrils,trachea, and lungs
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Cilia
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Describe the path of microbes throughout the first line of defense
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Cilia filters them, mucus traps then, they get sweped out of the lungs, gastric juices kills most of them
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Kills most microbes
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Gastric juices
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Where is symbiotic bacteria found?
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Digestive tract and vagina
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What do symbiotic bacteria do?
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They out-compete many other organisms that could cause damage
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Four main things involved in the second line of defense
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Phagocytes, interferons, complement, inflammatory response
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Is the first line of defense specific?
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It is non-specific
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Is the second line of defense specific?
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It is non-specific
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White blood cells that will engulf and destroy invaders
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Phagocytes
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Three types of phagocytes
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macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells
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Develop from monocytes that wander in interstitial fluid to "eat" bacteria and viruses
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Macrophages
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Released from bone marrow; release a chemical "bleach" into infected tissue
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Neutrophils
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Destroys abnormal body cells (tumors) or the body's own pathogen infected cells by lysis
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Natural killer cells
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Produced by virus infected cells to help other cells resist the virus
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Interferon
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Are interferons virus specific?
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No but they are host specific
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How may interferons act against cancer?
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By stimulating immune response
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What do interferons stimulate the production of?
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Antiviral proteins
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Group of 20 proteins that interact with other branches of the defense network
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Complement
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Complements may stimulate release of _____
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Histamines
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Complements may coat invaders to facilitate _____
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Phagocytosis
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Complements may cause cells to _____
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Lyse
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Nonspecific events; occur in response to pathogens
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Inflammatory response
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Inflammatory response occur in response to _____
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pathogens
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What triggers inflammatory response
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Damage to cells or entrance of pathogen
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White blood cells in connective tissue
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Basophils
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Basophils secrete _____
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Histamines
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_____ arrive at scene
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Macrophages
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Histamines cause _____ to increase blood flow to the damages area
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Vasodilation
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Dilation of blood vessels
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Vasodilation
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Vasodilation does what to capillaries?
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Makes them more porous to release more fluid containing WBC's to collect at site of inflammation
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What does increased blood flow cause?
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Redness and swelling
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_____ cause increase in temperature which makes area inhospitable to pathogens
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Pyrogens
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What do pyrogens do that destroys pathogens?
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They increase the temperature
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What attracts phagocytes to the site?
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Chemical gradients of complement
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Engulf pathogens and damaged cells
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Phagocytes
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Dead cells, WBCs, and fluid from capillaries
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Pus
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Which line of defense takes the longest?
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Third line
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Molecule identified as foreign
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Antigens
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The third line of defense causes cells to either attack specific invaders or produce _____
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Antibodies
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MHC stands for
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Major Histocompatibility Complex
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Collection of glycoproteins on cell membranes of all cells that are unique to each individual
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MHC
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Where do lymphocytes originate?
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Bone marrow
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Where are lymphocytes located?
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Lymphatic tissue (Lymph nodes, thymus gland, and spleen)
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These are mature lymphocytes that identify and respond to specific antigens
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Immunocompetence
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Once activated by antigens, lymphocytes multiply and develop into _____ cells
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Effector
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What do effector cells do?
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Respond to antigens but live only a few days
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What are the two types of immune responses?
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Cell mediated and humoral
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T cells
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Cell mediated
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B cells
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Humoral
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What are the types of lymphocytes?
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B cells and T cells
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Secrete antibodies
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B cells
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Where do B cells originate and mature?
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Bone marrow
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B cells are involved in _____ immune response
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Humoral
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B cells have specialized _____ ______, called antibodies
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Antigen receptors
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What do antigens do when they encounter B cells?
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They bind to them and they produce two kinds of daughter B cells
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Two kinds of daughter B cells
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Plasma cells and memory cells
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Proteins which are specific to particular antigens
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Antibodies
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What are the 5 classes of antibodies or immunoglobulins?
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IgM, IgA, IgD, IgG, IgE
Or just MADGE |
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What do each class of antibodies do?
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They recognize a particular antigen and aid elimination
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Gives antibodies specificity to their antigen
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Variable region
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Shape of the variable region of antibodies
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Y shaped with 2 arms
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How do antibodies inactivate antigens?
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Binding to them (agglutination) then phagocytosis occurs and then lysis of pathogens
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B cells that release their specific antibodies that locate and bind to antigens
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Plasma/effector cells
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B cells that also produce antibodies but do not release their antibodies during initial invasion
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Memory cells
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They are long-lived and they provide future immunity
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Memory cells
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The action of memory cells in the basis of _____
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Vaccinations
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T cells are involved in _____ - _____ response
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Cell mediated
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Where do T cells originate and mature?
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Originate in the bone marrow, mature in the thymus gland
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Receptor sites for non-self cells
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Plasma membrane receptors
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Three types of T cells
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Cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, suppressor T cells
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Cytotoxic T cells are also known as
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Killer T cells
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When T cells encounter non-self (Pathogens, etc), they divide and produce _____ T cells and _____ T cells
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Killer, Helper
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Binds directly to antigen bearing cell or non-self cells causing them to lyse
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Kilerl T cells
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Secretes chemicals to activate production of macrophages, then bind to those cells after they engulf pathogens
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Helper T cells
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Stimulate production of B cells and Killer T cells
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Interleukins
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What produces interleukins?
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Helper T cells
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Inhibit activity of macrophages, lymphocytes and mast cells when Killer T cells are done with their job
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Suppressor T cells
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Malfunctions and failures of the immune system
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Autoimmune diseases, allergies, aids
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Examples of autoimmune diseases
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Lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes
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Passive immunity is _____
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Temporary
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How is passive immunity obtained (Not vaccination)?
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By transferring antibodies from another person (Ex: Mother to infant through placenta)
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Passive immunity is also obtained by ?
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Injecting antibodies from an individual who had the disease previously
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Longer lasting immunity
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Active immunity
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Body is stimulated to produce antibodies and memory cells will be present when exposed again
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Active immunity
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When does primary immune response occur?
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When a first exposure to antigen stimulates production of memory cells and effector (plasma) cells
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How long does it take effector cells to be produced during primary immune response?
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Lag time of several days
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Occurs when 2nd exposure to the same antigen reactivates memory cells
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Secondary immune response
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Secondary immune response rapidly produces more _____ cells and large number of effector cells
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Memory
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Secondary immune response is _____ and more prolonged than primary immune response
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Faster
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Memory cells may live for _____; effector cells live for _____
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Decades; days
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Example of how secondary immune response may provide lifetime immunity
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Mumps
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What affects the number of white blood cells?
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Hormones secreted by adrenal glands during stress
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