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118 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The major difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
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Prokaryotes lack an organized nucleus.
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A client attending a health fair asks how anthrax will be treated in the event of a bioterrorism attack. How should the nurse respond?
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Individuals who are exposed will be isolated and given antibiotics.
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A client is very much concerned about the harmful effect that all microorganisms may have. The best response by the nurse would be:
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“Not all interactions between microorganisms and humans are detrimental.
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A Host? |
Any organism capable of supporting the nutritional and physical growth requirement of another |
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Infection? |
The presence and multiplication within a host of another living organism |
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Colonization ? |
Act of establishing a presence, a step required in the multifaceted process of infection |
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Microflora? |
Internal and external surfaces of the human body normally and harmlessly inhabited by a multitude of bacteria |
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Mutualism? |
Interaction which the microorganism and host the both derive benefits from the interaction |
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Parasitic Relationship |
Only the infecting organism benefits from the relationship and the host either gains nothing or sustains injury for the interaction |
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Infectious Disease? |
Host sustains injury or pathologic damage in response to a parasitic infection |
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Virulence |
Disease producing potential |
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Pathogens |
Select group of microorganisms that are so virulent that they are rarely found in the absence of disease |
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Opportunistic pathogens |
Capable of producing an infectious disease when the health and immunity of the host have been severely weakened by illness/malnutrition/medical therapy |
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Viruses? |
The smallest obligated intracellular pathogens Incapable of reproduction outside the cell |
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Bacteria |
Autonomously replicating Unicellular organism is known as prokaryotes They lack an organized nucleus. Has cell wall that protects |
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Botulism exotoxin
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Exotoxins are proteins released from the bacterial cell during growth.
Botulism toxin decreases the release of neurotransmitter from cholinergic neurons, causing flaccid paralysis. |
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Mycoplasmas |
Unicellular prokaryotes are capable of independent replication. Resistant to cell wall inhibiting antibiotics (ie PCN and Cephalosporins) |
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Fungi |
Free-living eukaryotic saprophytes found in every habitat on earth 2 groups; Yeast and Mold Sexual and asexual reproduction |
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Parasites |
Organism that derives benefits from its biologic relationship with another organism |
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Helminths |
Collection of wormlike parasites Nematodes/ Roundworms Cestodes/Tapeworms Trematodes/Flukes Transmission: ingestion of fertilized eggs |
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Arthropods |
Vectors of infectious Disease and the ectoparasites |
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Vectors of Infectious Disease |
Ticks Mosquitoes Biting Flies |
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Ectoparasites |
Mites, Chiggers, Lice and fleas Infest external body surfaces and cause localized tissue damage or inflammation secondary to bite or burrowing action fo the arthropod |
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Epidemiology of Infectious Disease |
The study of factors, events, and circumstances that influence the transmission of infection disease among humans. |
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Portal of Entry |
The process of a pathogen enters the body, gains access to susceptible tissue and causes disease. 1. Penetration 2. Direct Contact 3. Ingestion 4. Inhalation |
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Portal of Entry: Penetration |
Disruption in the integrity of the body's surface barrier potential site for invasion of microorganisms. (i.e., skin or mucus membranes) |
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Portal of Entry: Direct Contact |
Transmitted directly from infected tissue or secretion to exposed, intact mucous membranes. (ie STI genital herpes) |
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Portal of Entry: Ingestion |
Entry of pathogenic or toxic products through the oral cavity and GI tract (ie cholera, typhoid fever, hep A, Food poisoning) |
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Portal of Entry: Inhalation |
Pathogens can invade through the respiratory tract (ie bacterial pneumonia) |
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Source |
Infectious disease refers to the location, host, object, or substance from which the infectious agent was acquired. |
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Symptomatology |
A collection of signs and symptoms expressed by the host during the disease course. |
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Disease Course |
Any infectious disease can be divided into several distinguishable stages after the point when the potential pathogen enters the host. |
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Disease Course: Incubation Period |
The phase during which the pathogen begins active replication without producing recognizable symptoms in the host. |
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Disease Course: Prodromal Stage |
The initial appearance of symptoms in the host, only a vague sense of malaise, mild fever, headache, and fatigue. |
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Disease Course: Acute Stage |
Host experiences the maximum impact of the infectious process corresponding to rapid proliferation and dissemination of the pathogen |
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Disease Course: Convalescent period |
Containment of infection, progressive elimination of the pathogen, repair of damaged tissue and resolution of associated symptoms |
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Disease Course: Resolution |
Total elimination of a pathogen from the body without residual signs or symptom of the disease. |
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Site of Infection |
Inflammation of an anatomic location is usually designated by adding "itis" |
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Abscess |
Localized pocket of infection composed of devitalized tissue, microorganism, and the host phagocytic white blood cells. |
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Toxins |
Substances the alter or destroy the normal function of the host or host's cells |
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Exotoxins |
Proteins released from the bacterial cell during growth Variable specificity and may cause fatal effects |
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Endotoxins |
Do not contain protein are not actively released from the bacterium during growth Lipopolysaccharidesreleased from bacterial cell membranes with cell division or destruction |
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Adhesion Factors |
No interaction between microorganism and human can progress to infection or disease if the pathogen is unable to attach to and colonize the host. |
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Evasive Factors |
Enhance virulence by evading various components of the host's immune system |
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Invasive Factors |
Infectious agents that facilitate the penetration of anatomic barriers and host tissue. |
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Diagnosis |
Two Criteria: 1. Recovery of pathogen or evidence 2. Accurate documentation of clinical signs and symptoms |
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Culture |
Propagation of a microorganism outside of the body on or in artificial growth media |
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Serology |
Measuring serum antibodies in the disease host. Tentative diagnosis, antibody level called antibody titer. |
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Antibody Titer: IgM |
Rise and fall during the acute phase of the disease Do not cross the placenta |
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Antibody Titer: IgG |
Increase during the acute phase and remains elevated until or beyond resolution. Most abundant immunoglobulin Certain antibodies transferred passively from mother to child. |
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Antibacterial Agents |
Generally called antibiotics. Bi-products of bacteria and fungi metabolism Effective only against prokaryotic organism |
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Antiviral Agents |
Almost all compounds are synthetic Target viral RNA and DNA synthesis |
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Antifungal Agents |
Target yeast or mold |
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Antiparasitic Agents |
Exploiting essential components of the parasite metabolism or cellular anatomy that are not shared by the host. |
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IgE |
Responds to allergic reactions and parasitic infections |
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IgA |
Respond to local infections Found in saliva tears colostrum bronchial GI prostate and vaginal Prevents attachment of virus and bacteria to epithelial cells |
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IgG |
Protect against bacteria toxins and viruses and activate the complement system |
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IgD |
Acts like an antigen receptor for initiating B cells |
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Inate Immunity |
First line of defense against microbial invasion and is in place before infection |
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Cytokines |
Activate and regulate b cells cytotoxic t cells nk cells and macrophages and other immune cells |
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Serology |
Samples used to identify infectious organisms by measuring the levels of antibodies |
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Colonization |
Act of establishing a presence a step required in the multifaceted process of infection |
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Virus |
Incapable of replication outside the cell Penetrate cell and use the biosynthetic structure of cell Is an agent |
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Neonates receive what type of antibodies? |
IgG Protection for 3 to 6 months |
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Spirochetes |
Bacteria Corkscrew Transmitted by sex broken skin and urine of infected animal |
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T Lymphocytes |
Mature in thymus Provide cell mediated immunity Activate other lymphocytes and phagocytes |
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B lymphocytes |
Mature in the bone marrow Forming antibodies Humoral immunity |
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Natural passive immunity |
Antibodies are transferred directly to host Mother to child |
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What are the category assignment of levels of A B C of potential agents of bioterrorism based on? |
Risk of use Transmissibility Invasiveness Mortality Rate |
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Fomite |
Object that carries an infectious organisms |
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Dermatophytes |
Fungi pathogens Incapable of growing in core body temperature Ringworm, athletes foot, jock itch (superficial mycoses) |
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Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) |
Identify on the surface of WBCs Major target is organ transplant rejections |
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Epithelial cells |
Lines the body systems Joined tightly to protect from invasion |
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Vertical Transmission |
Mother to child Across placenta, during birth |
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Opsonization |
Coating of particles with protein and lectins Make more attractive for phagocytes to recognize foreign pathogens |
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Cellular Immunity |
Mediated by T Lymphocytes Defense against intracellular microbes ie viruses |
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Adaptive immunity |
Lymphocytes comprised for Humoral (B cells) and cell mediated (T cells) immune response |
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Saprophytes |
Free-living organisms Derive energy from Decaying organic matter |
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Sexually Transmitted Infections are transmitted thru? |
Direct contact |
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Alternative Pathway |
Activate on microbial cell surface No antibodies Component of the Inate Immunity |
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Classical Pathway |
Activated by antibodies Humoral immunity |
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Lectins Pathway |
Binds to mannose on microbes Activates the classical Pathway No antibodies |
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Pandemic |
Spread of disease beyond continental boundaries |
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Epidemic |
Abrupt and unexpected increase of incidence of the disease over endemic rates |
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Thymus |
Essential to the development of the immune systems Responsible for the production of mature T Lymphocytes |
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Active Natural Immunity |
Host has an immune response to the antigen Environment exposure |
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B lymphocytes |
Only cells capable of producing antibodies Humoral immunity |
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Transmission of Infections: 6 components |
1. Causative agent 2. Reservoir (Source) 3. Portal Of Exit 4. Mode of transmission 5. Portal of Entry 6. Susceptible Host |
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What is a Causative Agent?
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Anymicrobe that can produce disease
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Reservoir(Source)?
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Theenvironment or object in or on which a microbe can survive and multiply
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Portal of Exit?
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Pathby which an infectious agent leaves its reservoir
Variesfrom one infectious agent to the next |
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What is a Modeof Transmission?
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The infectious agent passes from the portal of exit to the susceptible host Four modes: Contact Airborne Enteric Vector-born Some organisms use more than one mode of transmission and Mode varies |
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Portalof Entry
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Refersto the path by which an infectious agent invades a susceptible host
Penetration*Direct Contact Ingestion*Inhalation |
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SusceptibleHost
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An organism capable of supporting growth and reproduction of another organism
Individual who lacks resistance to agent |
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NormalFlora
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DoubleBenefit
Microbesdepend on the host’s environment to grow and reproduce BUT Preventcolonization of other microbes Microbemay contribute to synthesis of beneficial substances |
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Opportunistic Infection |
Immunity is compromised and Normal flora become pathogenic |
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Specificity |
Range of hosts to which a microbe is attracted |
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Invasiveness |
Sometimes called Infectivity Microbes' ability to invade and multiply in the host tissues. |
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Quantity |
Refers to the number of microbes that succeed in invading and reproducing in the body |
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Virulence |
Severity of the Disease a pathogen can produce Varies depending on the host
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Antigenicity |
Degree to which a pathogen can induce a specific immune response |
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Viability |
The ability of the pathogen to survive outside its host |
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Viral Infections |
1. Tiny intracellular organism 2. Depend upon the living host 3. Intracellular bypass many body defenses mechanims 4. Single strand DNA or RNA, contained within capsid |
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What are viral particles called? |
Virions |
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The virus is classified according to: |
1. Genetic Material 2. Mechanism of Replication 3. Mode of Transmission 4. Type of Disease Produced |
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Viral Infections Can be: |
Local Systemic Acute Chronic |
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Virus can stimulate antibody production by |
Cell mediated immunity Production of interferon |
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Viral Infections Diagnostics? |
CBC ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) Western Blot |
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Treatment for Viral infections |
Antiviral therapy Can be difficult to develop |
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Retrovirus Disease |
HIV |
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Bacteria Classified according to: |
1. Shape 2. Need for Oxygen 3. Mobility 4. Protective Capsule or Spores |
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Bacteria growth depends on: |
The body's immune systems Produce substances that enhance resistance |
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Bacteria Diagnostics: |
WBC Culture and Sensitivity Gram Stain |
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Bacteria Management |
1. Antimicrobials 2. Instruct on method to prevent spread of infection |
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Rickettsial Infections (Rocky-spotted Mountain Fever) |
Reproduce within certain susceptible cells Transmitted to humans by arthropod vectors Bites or feces of ticks, Lice or Fleas. |
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Bactericidal |
Irreversible Kills or cause damage to bacteria pathogens Target metabolism or bacteria growth |
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Bacteriostatic |
Inhibits growth Reversible when medication is removed |
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Pleiotropism |
Ability of a cytokines to act on different cell types |