Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is energy? |
the capacity to perform work. |
|
what is a measure of disorder? |
Enthropy |
|
what compound directly provides energy for cellular work? |
ATP. |
|
Diffusion is and example of |
Passive transport |
|
Osmosis can be defined as |
The diffusion of water |
|
Photosynthetic organisms are |
Producers |
|
Facilitated diffusion is? |
Diffusion through a cell membrane with little help from the membranes embedded proteins. |
|
The formations of ATP from a single phosphate ion and an ADP molecule is known as? |
Phosphorylation |
|
The lipid bilayer of cell membranes are made up of what? |
Hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules. |
|
Energy is transferred from ATP to other molecules by transferring a |
Phosphate group |
|
Enzymes are |
Protiens |
|
Active transport can... |
move solutes against their concentration gradient |
|
In which organelle does photosynthesis take place? |
Chloroplast |
|
What is the function of the stoma? |
to let CO2 into the plant and to allow Oxygen out |
|
What are grana? |
Stacks of membranous sacs. |
|
What is the name given to membranous sacs found within a chloroplast? |
Thylakoids. |
|
The calvin cycle requires ____ and _____ from the light-dependent reactions in order to operate. |
ATP...NADPH |
|
The products of the light reactions of photosynthesis are ___ |
ATP and NADPH |
|
What is responsible for the yellow-orange coloration of leaves in the fall? |
Carotenoids |
|
The shorter the wavelength of visible light, the ___ |
Greater the energy |
|
Where are photosystems located ? |
Thylakoid membrane |
|
What is the source of the oxgen gas released by a photosystem? |
H2O |
|
What is found in both cellular respiration and an the light reactions of photosynthesis? |
Electron transport chain. |
|
Phloem tissues are responsible form moving |
Food (sugar) downward |
|
Cellular respiration... |
Produces ATP |
|
Where in the cell does glycolysis occur? |
Along the outside of the outer mitochondrial membrane. |
|
sequence of stages in cellular respiration |
Glycolysis, Transition, citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), electron transport chain |
|
A product of glycolysis is ___ |
Pyruvic acid |
|
What must pyruvic acid be converted to before it can enter the citric acid cycle? |
Acetyl CoA |
|
Which part of cellular respiration produces the most NADH? |
Krebs cylce ( citric acid cycle) |
|
Aerobic cellular respiration generates about ___ ATP from one glucose. |
36 net |
|
In cellular respiration, most ATP is produced directly as a result of ____ |
The electron transport chain. |
|
What metabolic pathway is common to both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells as they catabolize glucose? |
Glycolysis |
|
More glucose can be processed in cell respiration if the mitochondria have more |
Matrix. |
|
when chromosomes are thin and drawn out they are called ___ |
Chromatin |
|
DNA is found in structures called ____ |
Chromosomes. |
|
A duplicated chromosome consists of two ____ |
Sister chromatids |
|
Chromatin consists of |
DNA and protiens. |
|
If you unwound a chromosome, you would find spherical structure and long thin strand around the spheres. The spheres are ___ and the thin strand is ___. |
proteins known as histones ... DNA |
|
Sister chromatids are joined at the ___ |
Centromere. |
|
What of the following occurs during interphase? |
Chromosome duplication. |
|
Sequences of mitosis |
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase. |
|
During metaphase I |
Homologous chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell |
|
One difference between mitosis and meiosis is ___ |
mitosis produces cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell, but meiosis does not |
|
DNA and RNA are polymers composed of ___ monomers. |
nucleotides. |
|
The backbone of DNA consists of ____ |
A repeating sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate pattern. |
|
in adenine makes up 20% of the bases in a DNA double helix, what percent of the bases are guanine? |
30% |
|
What type of chemical bonds join the bases of complementary DNA strands? |
Hydrogen. |
|
During replication ___ are the enzymes responsible for joining and breaking the nucleotides of a DNA strand. |
DNA polymerases |
|
What name is given to the collection of traits exhibited by an organism? |
Phenotype. |
|
How many amino acids are common to all types of living systems? |
20 |
|
How many nucleotides make up a codon? |
3 |
|
What is transcription? |
Manufacture of a strand of RNA complementary to a strand of DNA. |
|
Which of the following enzymes is responsible for RNA synthesis? |
RNA polymerase. |
|
Translation converts the information stored in ___ to ___. |
RNA ... a polypeptide. |
|
Where is translation accomplished |
Ribosomes. |
|
Peptide bonds form between ___. |
Amino acids. |
|
one gene-one___ |
Polypeptide |
|
The RNA that is translated into a polypeptide is ____ RNA |
Messenger |
|
Homozygotes |
carry two copies of the same allele. |
|
What name is given to the specific location of a gene on a chromosome? |
locus |
|
Homozygotes |
contain two different alleles. |
|
Chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes are called___. |
Autosomes |
|
What name is given to the functional compartments of a cell? |
Organelles. |
|
An organisms ability to monitor, adapt and change within limits to it's surrounding is known as: |
Homeostasis. |
|
An atom with a positive charge has |
More protons than electrons |
|
Adjacent water molecules are connected by the ___ |
electrical attraction between the hydrogen of one water molecule and the oxygen of another water molecule |
|
Sugar dissolves when stirred into water. The sugar is the ___, the water is the ___, and the sweetened water is the ___. |
Solute,... solvent,... solution. |
|
The hydrogen and oxygen of a water molecule are held together by ___ bonds |
Hydrogen |
|
An atom's nuetrons and protons are found |
in its nucleus |
|
An atom with an electrical charge is an |
Ion |
|
Covalent bonds are... |
Bonds that involve the sharing of electrons |
|
Ionic bonds are... |
Bonds between oppositely charged ions |
|
The lower the pH of a solution, the___ |
more acidic the solution. |
|
The subatomic particle that is negatively charged, weighs almost nothing, and can be found circling around the orbitals of an atom is known as an... |
Electron. |
|
Where within the chemistry of atoms and molecules, is the majority of energy used for cell activity found? |
Bonds that hold molecules together. |
|
Carbohydrates typically include ___ |
C,H, and O |
|
What are the 4 types of molecules basic for life? |
Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. |
|
Enzymes are ___ |
Proteins. |
|
Proteins are polymers constructed from ___ monomers |
amino acids. |
|
Cells that have both a nucleus and a cell wall are |
plant cells |
|
where does protein synthesis take place? |
on ribosomes. |
|
What is the function of the golgi apparatus? |
Protein modification. |
|
What is the shipping center of a cell? |
The golgi apparatus |
|
Functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum include... |
lipid synthesis, steroid synthesis, and drug detoxification. |
|
Lysosomes are responsible for ___. |
Digestion of organic matter inside the cell. |
|
Ribosomes do what? |
Store information necessary to produce proteins. |