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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Bilateral symmetry |
1 plane of symmetry Mirror image |
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Dorsal vs. Ventral |
Dorsal: facing sky Ventral: facing ground |
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Anterior vs. Posterior |
Anterior: front Posterior: back |
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Cephalad vs. Caudad |
Cephalad: Near head Caudad: Near tail |
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Proximal vs. Distal |
Proximal: closer to reference point Distal: farther from reference point Reference point does not have to be center of mass |
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Why frog? |
Easy to work with Anatomy easy to see |
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Frog skin description |
Smooth and moist: amphibian Darker on dorsal than ventral side |
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Countershading |
Form of camouflage |
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Frog appendages |
Two forelegs Two hind legs |
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Adaptations of frog toes |
Four on forelegs Five on hind legs Has webbing, which helps it swim in water Longer hind legs help it jump on land |
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Detemining sex |
Female: - larger, at least 7 in/18 cm (tip of mouth to end of backbone) - tympanic membrane same size as eyes - slender thumb
Male: - tympanic membrane larger than eyes - vocal sacs - nupital pad: enlarged thumb that helps males cling to females during amplexus |
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Parts of head of frog |
- External nares/nostrils: two slotted openings near mouth - Eyes: posterior to nares, two large bulging eyes - Three eyelids - Tympanic membrane: round, flat structure behind eye used for hearing similar to eardrums |
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Functions of three eyelids of frog |
One pair opens and closes to protect eyes on land Third - Transparent membrane that protects eyes while swimming - Becomes cloudy during dissection, preventing seeing features of eyes |
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Jaws of frog become [1] when frog is prepared for dissection and must be forced open with a [2] |
Set Blunt probe |
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Process of opening frog jaw |
1. Force open with blunt probe 2. Insert finger 3. Cut corners with scissors until jaw lets loose 4. Pull up on lower jaw to open mouth |
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Description of frog tongue |
Split in the middle Can be stretched far and rapidly Attached to front of mouth |
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Internal nares |
Part of nares that open into mouth cavity |
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Frog teeth |
Designed to hold prey while frog eats Bullfrog has teeth on upper jaw and between internal nares |
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Functions and attachment organs of Eustachian tubes |
Openings on side of mouth, near back of throat Equalize pressure in frog's ears while it is swimming - Esophagus (stomach) begins in between - Glottis (trachea, lungs) is below esophagus - Epiglottis closes trachea when frog swallows |
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Parotid gland |
Poison gland Contains bufotoxin, shot out when frog is under duress Bufotoxin can cause serious illness or kill animals |
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Frog digits |
Four on forelimbs, five on hind limbs Hind limb digits have webbing for swimming |
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Pes and manus |
Flat padding on bottom of hind and forelimbs Support and absorb impact during landing Pes musculature: for underwater movement; manus flexion: for substrate grasp |
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Frog eye |
Cannot perform saccadic (rapid shift in center of gaze) movements or tracking movements Must decide if object is prey before going after it |