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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
taxonomy
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the science of classifying organisms
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taxonomic categories
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domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.
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scientific name
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both genus and species. in latin. italicized. genus is capatilized.
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which domains are the prokaryotes in?
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Archaea and Bacteria
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Domain Bacteria
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most are unicellular. some are colonial.
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colonial
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composed of a group of independently functioning cells
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all bacteria cells are.....
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prokaryotic and lack a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles. a somewhat rigid cell wall is formed exterior to the plasma membrane.
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three shapes of bacteria.
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bacillus (rodlike)
coccus (spheres) spirillum (spiral) |
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bacterial flagella
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allow movement.
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heterotrophs
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the obtain their organic nutrients from the environement (most bacteria have this characteristic)
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saprotrophs
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what most heterotrophs are.
obtain nutrients by decaying organic matter an dead organisms. converts organic debris into inorganic chemicals usable by plants |
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parasites
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cause disease in other organisms as they obtain organic nutrients from their host's cells and tissues.
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autotrophs (bacteria)
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produces their own organic nutrients.
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chemosynthetic bacteria
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bacteria able to oxidize inorganic chemicals and capture the released energy to synthesize their organic nutrients.
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photosynthetic bacteria
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bacteria that uses light energy to synthesize their organic nutrients.
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cyanobacteria
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photosynthetic bacteria. lack chloroplasts but have chlorophyll a on thylakoid membranes.
often have a gelatinous coat external to the cell wall. |
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chlorophyll a
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enables cyanobacteria to carry on the same kind of oxygen-producing photosynthesis found in plants.
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how bacteria reproduce
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binary fission
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binary fission
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an asexual form of reproduction.
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endospore
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has a bacterial chromosome and cytoplasm enveloped by a thick endospore wall.
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conjugation
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a sexual process that also occurs in bacteria. the transfer of genetic material from one cell to another.
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when does conjugation occur
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when adjacent cells are joined by a tiny tube formed by their plasma membranes.
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protists
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heterogeneous group of unicellular or colonial organisms that exhibit animal-like, plantlike or funguslike characteristics.
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eukaryotic cells
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contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
what protists have |
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protozoans
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unicellular, animal-like protists that lack a cell wall and are usually motile.
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holotrophs (protozoans)
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engulf food into vacuoles, where it's digested
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protozoans are in what habitats?
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where water is readily available.
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contractile vacuoles
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repeatedly collect and pump out the excess water to maintain their water balance.
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flagellated protozoans
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possess one or more flagella (means of movement)
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amoeboid protozoans
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these move by pseudopodia. prey organisms are engulfed and digested in food vacuoles. some secrete a shell for protection.
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pseudopodia
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flowing extensions of the cell
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what is the most advanced and complex of the protozoans?
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Ciliated protozoans
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ciliated protozoans are characterized by...
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a macronucleus, one or more micronuclei, and move by means of numerous cilia.
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cilia
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hairlike processes that cover the cell.
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pellicle
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flexible outer covering in a ciliated protozoan and is located exterior to the cell membrane.
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trichosysts
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tiny dartlike weapons of offense and defense located just under the cell surface
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oral groove
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food organisms are swept down it by cilia and into food vacuoles, where digestion occurs
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sporozoans
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lack motility and are internal parasites of animals.
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algae
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plantlike protists
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euglenoids
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unicellular protists that possess both plantlike and animal-like characteristics. they have chlorophyll a and b in chloroplasts, a flagellum for movement and an eyespot. cell wall absent.
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dinoflagellates
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"fire algae" photosynthetic with chlorophyll a and c in their chloroplasts. most have a cell wall of cellulose and all forms have 2 flagella.
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diatoms
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unicellular and have a cell wall of silica (a natural glass). where much of the atmospheric oxygen is produced.
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cell wall of a diatom
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consists of two halves fir together like the top and bottom of a box. chlorophyll a and c are found in their chloroplasts.
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slimemolds
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feeding stages resemble amoeboid protozoans but reproduce asexually by forming sporangia that produce spores.
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cellular slime molds
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live as a single-celled amoeboid organism that engulf bacteria in leaf litter and soil.
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most common asexual form of reproduction in protists
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mitotic cell division
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paramecium
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a diploid protozoan that reproduces asexually by mitotic division and also goes through conjugation sometimes.
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