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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
menstrual cycle's timekeeper
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ovary
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when a girl is born, her eggs are in this stage
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primary oocytes
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process of oocyte death (happens up to puberty)
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atresia
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the first polar body is formed at the same time as the ? oocyte.
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secondary
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the second polar body is formed at the same time as the ?.
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ovum
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metaphase arrest of secondary oocyte is caused by ?
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cytostatic factor (CSF)
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CSF inactivates ?
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M-phase-promoting factor (MPF)
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in what stage of the egg is it ovulated?
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"mature" secondary oocyte (arrested in metaphase)
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structure around the oocyte
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follicle
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cells in follicle closest to the oocyte
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granulosa cells
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granulosa cells are surrounded by ?
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theca cells
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the granulosa cells use ? provided by the theca cells to make and secrete ?
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androgens
estradiol |
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when the female fetus is in the womb, cells around primary oocyte secrete ? to separate them from surrounding stoma.
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basal lamina
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primary oocyte + basal lamina are called ?
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primordial follicle
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follicle cells in the unborn female become the ?, and the structure is now called a ?
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granulosa cells
primary follicle |
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glycoproteins secreted by granulosa cells to surround the primary oocyte
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zona pellucida
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central area where fluid starts to accumulate during the second stage
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antrum
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dominant follicle
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Graafian follicle
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3 phases of menstrual/ovarian cycle
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1. follicular phase
2. ovulatory phase 3. luteal phase |
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hormones involved in menstrual cycle & their origins
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hypothalamic GRH (hypothalamus)
LH & FSH (anterior pituitary) estradiol, progesterone, inhibin (ovary) |
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t/f, GRH has to be released in pulses in order for LH & FSH to be released.
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true
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four stages in uterus change during the menstrual cycle
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proliferative
secretory ischemic (=premenstrual) menstrual |
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proliferative phase is caused by ?
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estradiol secreted by granulosa cells
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secretory phase is caused by ?
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progesterone secreted by luteal cells
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ischemic phase is triggered by ?
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progesterone withdrawal caused by degeneration of corpus luteum
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reduction in progesterone causes increase in ?, which causes vasoconstrictor spasms
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prostaglandin
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menstrual phase is a result of ?
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ischemia caused by vasoconstrictor spasms
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3 structures formed by zygote
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-embryo
-3 membranes assoc. with it -fetal part of placenta (there is also a maternal part) |
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granulosa cells attached to the "mature" secondary oocyte
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corona radiata
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steps of spermatozoa penetration into seconary oocyte
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-penetrates corona radiata
-binds to zona pellucida -acrosome reaction -penetration of zona pellucida -fusion of plasma membrane w/ secondary oocyte membrane -cortical reaction |
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change in zona pellucida that prevents other sperm from entering egg
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cortical reaction
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how/when is meiosis II completed by the secondary oocyte?
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-sperm entering cytoplasm triggers increase in Ca+ causing oocyte to proceed w/ meiosis
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the male and female ? merge and form the zygote
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pronuclei
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embryo stage
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conception to 8th-9th week
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fetus stage
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8th-9th week to birth
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16-cell embryo
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morula (little mulberry)
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60-100 cell stage, a ? forms within the ball which is now called a ?
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blastocoel
blastocyst |
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cells inside blastocyst called the ? form the embryo proper; other cells form a sphere called the ?
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inner cell mass
trophoblast |
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presence of ? from the corpus luteum is essential for implantation & sustenance of the embryo
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progesterone
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implantation occurs on the ? day after OVULATION
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7th
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3 steps in implantation
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-zona pellucida dissolves
-trophoblast attaches to endometrium -placenta forms |
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3 primary germ layers
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ectoderm
mesoderm endoderm |
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name for embryo during the second week when it is developing 3 primary germ layers
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embryonic disk
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anmion develops from ?
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ectoderm
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yolk sac (and allantois) form from ?
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endoderm
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chorion develops from ?
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trophoblast
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extension of the yolk sac
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allantois
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thickened endometrial lining
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decidua
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t/f, the villi carrying blood from the embryo become surrounded by sinuses containing maternal blood
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true
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segmented structures that develop into skeletal muscles & vertebrae
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somites
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curls over to give rise to the neural tube and the CNS
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neural plate
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2 hormonal stages of pregnancy
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luteal & placental
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