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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
acromegaly |
a condition brought about by excessive secretion of human growth hormone in an adult |
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adrenal cortex |
the outer portion of the adrenal gland composed of three distinct layers of cells that respond to hormonal signals signals from the anterior pituitary by producing three groups of hormones, including the glucocorticoids, mineral corticoids, and gonadocorticoids; reacts to stress stimuli and affects salt and water balance |
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adrenal medulla |
the center or middle part of the adrenal gland composed of modified nervous tissue that responds to sympathetic nerve signals by secreting the fight-or-flight hormones, epinephrine and norepinephrine, in reaction to stress |
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aldosterone |
a hormone produced by the adrenal cortex in response to an increase in certain enzymes and high levels of ACTH; acts to increase sodium ion reabsorption |
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alpha cells |
cells in the islets that secrete glucagon |
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antagonistic hormones |
two hormones that produce opposite effects |
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anterior pituitary |
an endocrine gland consisting of secretory cells that synthesize and secrete several hormones directly into the bloodstream |
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beta cells |
cells in islets that secrete insulin |
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calcitonin |
a hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that lowers blood calcium levels through negative feedback |
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C cells (parafollicular cells) |
cells in the thyroid gland that synthesize calcitonin |
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cellular respiration |
a process occurring in the mitochondria of cells of all living organisms in which energy-rich compounds, such as carbohydrates (glucose), proteins, and fats, are burned with oxygen to release energy in the form of ATP and waste products, such as water and carbon dioxide |
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cortisol |
fight-or-flight response hormone; involved in enhancing short-term stress responses and in stimulating conversion of protein and fat into glucose; Cortisol is produced by the adrenal cortex in response to stimulation by ACTH. |
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diabetes insipidus |
a condition caused by lack of ADH, which results in excessive production of very diluted urine |
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diabetes mellitus |
a chronic disorder that occurs when the pancreas doesn't produce enough inusulin, insulin receptors, or body cells do not respond to insulin |
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endocrine gland |
a cell, tissue, or organ that produces secretions that are released directly into the blood stream |
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epinephrine |
a hormone produced by the adrenal medulla in response to stress; adrenaline |
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exocrine gland |
a cell, tissue or organ that produces secretions that are released through ducts or channels |
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flight-or-fight response |
a short term stress response that insures increased amounts of glucose and oxygen are avalible to cells for cellular respiration, which results in increased energy for muscles |
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follicle |
as it relates to the thyroid gland, a microscopic structure consisting of a circle of cells called follicle cells surrounding a central cavity; the little circles inside the thyroid gland |
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gigantism |
a condition where excess hGH is produced in childhood, can cause people to be 8 feet or over |
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glucagon |
brings up blood glucose levels to normal levels (negative feedback); antagonist hormone to insulin |
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glucorticoids |
a group of hormones produced by the adrenal cortex; influence glucose metabolism from protein and fat and immune function by suppressing inflammation |
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gonadotropic hormones |
hormones that effect the reproductive organs; also know as gonads |
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hormone |
a chemical messenger that is produced by specialized cells, circulated in the bloodstream, and co-ordinates the various parts of the body by interacting with target cells |
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hyperglycema |
condition with high levels of glucose; too little insulin |
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hypoglycema |
condition with low levels of glucose; too much insulin |
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hypothalamus |
the region of the brain located below the cerebral hemispheres and thalamus and just above the pituitary gland; maintains homeostasis; co-ordinates the endocrine and nervous systems; secretes hormones of the posterior pituitary as well as releases hormones that regulate the anterior pituitary |
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insulin |
a hormone from the pancreas that lowers blood glucose levels back to normal (negative feedback); antagonist hormone to glucagon |
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Islets of Langer hans (islets) |
alpha and beta cells that secrete glucagon and insulin into the blood |
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lipid-soluble hormone |
a hormone that is chemically identified as a lipid or steroid |