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144 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
anatomy |
study of the structure of the body and its parts |
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physiology |
study of the function of the body and its parts |
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central nervous system (CNS) |
division of the nervous system located within the skull and spine receives, processes, sends signals to PNS |
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Peripheral nervous system PNS |
division of nervous system located outside the skull and spine carries information to and from CNS |
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what are the two parts of the PNS |
somatic and autonomic |
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Somatic nervous system |
interacts with external environment |
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Afferent nerves (Somatic NS) |
carry signals to the CNS |
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Efferent nerves (somatic) |
carry motor signals from CNS to skeletal muscles |
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skeletal muscles |
striated muscles attached to the skeleton |
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Autonomic NS |
more to do with internal organs |
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Afferent nerves (autonomic) |
carry sensory signals from internal organs to CNs |
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Efferent nerves (autonomic) |
carry motor signals from internal organs to CNS |
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sympathetic and parasympathetic functions |
1. sympathetic nerves stimulate, organize, and mobilize energy resources for emergencies 2. parasympathetic nerves conserves energy 3. each organ controlled by para and symp activity 4.sympathetic changes indicate psychological excitation 5. parasympathetic indicates psychological relaxation |
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nerves |
bundles of axons |
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cranial nerves |
project from brain as opposed to spinal chord |
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how many pairs of cranial nerves |
12 |
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common sense view of emotions |
perception of stimulus(see bear)-->experience of emotion(fear)-->physiological response |
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james lange view |
perception of stimulus (see bear)--> physiological response--> experience of emotion (fear) |
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Cannon Bard view |
perception of stimulus--> experience of emotion and physiological response simultaneously |
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Schacter singer view |
we label physiological responses as different emotions depending on the situation |
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Modern Biopsych view |
each of the three factors influence each other -can take into account feedback from situation in labeling emotion |
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Protection for spinal chord |
1. skull and backbone 2. 3 meninges 3. cerebral spinal fluid |
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what are the 3 meninges |
1. dura mater 2. arachnoid membrane 3. Pia mater |
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what is cerebral spinal fluid system |
colorless fluid that circulates through CNS |
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central canal |
runs through length of spinal cord |
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Lumbar puncture (spinal tap) |
diagnostic procedure used to collect a sample of cerebrospinal fluid needle between 3 and 4 or 5 vertebrae used to diagnose meningitis |
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cerebral ventricles |
4 internal chambers of the brain |
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disorders associated w/ cerebral ventricles |
huntington's, alzheimers, schizophrenia |
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where is CSF made? |
choroid plexuses (type of capillaries) |
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hydrocephalus |
blockage to CSF system, results in expansion of the brain |
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how is hydrocephalus treated (in babies) |
remove blockage, drain excess fluid with implanted shunt (valve drains fluid to gut) |
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functions of CSF system |
1. cushioning of CNS 2. helps supply nourishment to CNS 3. remove waste from CNS 4. ? |
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blood brain barrier |
tightly packed cells covering blood vessels, and sealed by glial cells |
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function of blood brain barrier |
big molecules blocked, oxygen and CO2 allowed to pass through, glucose transported across |
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why does blood brain barrier break down at area postrema? |
to allow the brain to detect toxic substances that have been consumed |
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anterior |
toward nose end |
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posterior |
toward tail end |
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dorsal (superior) |
toward surface of back or top of head |
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ventral (inferior) |
toward surface of chest or bottom of head |
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medial |
toward midline of body |
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lateral |
away from midline of body |
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horizontal plane(slice of brain) |
cut in a plane parallel to top of brain |
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frontal (coronal) plane |
cut in plane parallel to face |
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saggital plane |
cut in plane parallel to side of brain (down middle of face) |
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mid saggital plane |
cut down center of brain |
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gray matter (spinal cord) |
mostly cell bodies and unmylenated interneurons |
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myelin |
cover some axons, speeds up signals |
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interneurons |
communicate only with other neurons |
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Surrounding H: White matter |
mostly myelinated axons |
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where is gray matter in spinal cord |
in cross section, makes up the H |
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where is white matter in spinal cord |
in cross section, surround the H |
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dorsal neurons |
sensory |
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ventral neurons |
motor |
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stretch reflex |
a reflex elicited by a sudden external stretching force on a muscle (knee jerk) |
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what is the function of the stretch reflex? |
allows us to compensate for sudden changes in our body's orientation |
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brain overview |
forebrain controls midbrain, midbrain controls hindbrain |
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hindbrain (medulla) involved in what functions |
reticular formation sleep, attention, movement, maintaining muscle tone, cardiac, resp functions |
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cerebellum |
makes up 10% of brain but holds more than half of the brain's neurons |
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what is the cerebellum involved in |
fine motor skills, affected soon after drinking alcohol |
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results of damage to cerebellum |
uncoordinated, inaccurate movements problems with balance learning new motor sequences is difficult alcohol affects |
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superior colluculus (midbrain) |
seeing, receives information from retina (eye) |
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blindsight |
ability of some blind people with damage to visual cortex to respond to visual cues |
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inferior colluculus (midbrain) |
receives info from ear (hearing) |
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substantia nigra |
involved in parkinson's disease |
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forebrain |
largest division of the human brain |
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functions of thalamus |
relays sensory information to areas of brain |
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functions of hypothalamus |
inferior to thalamus, controls pituitary, sexual behavior, eating |
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corpus collosum |
largest tract connecting hemispheres of brain |
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fissure |
large furrow in brain (allow for greater surface area) |
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sulcus fissure |
small fissures |
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gyr/ gyrus |
ridges between fissures and sulk |
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advantage of convolutions |
can pack more brain matter into skull |
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longitudinal fissure |
divides the two hemispheres |
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central and lateral fissures |
help mark out the 4 lobes of the brain |
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frontal lobe |
about 90% of cerebral cortex in humans, most recently evolved |
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precentral (frontal lobe) |
motor functions |
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anterior (prefrontal) lobe |
complex cognitive functions planning responses, evaluating patterns of behavior, assessing behavior of others |
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occipital lobe |
primary visual cortex, analyzes visual information |
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parietal lobes |
analyzes sensations from body (touch), perceiving locations of objects an out bodies |
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temporal lobe |
hearing, language, complex visual patterns |
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which lobe contains primary visual cortex? |
occipital lobe |
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which lobe contains the primary auditory cortex? |
the temporal lobe |
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which lobe contains the somatosensory cortex? |
parietal lobe |
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which lobe contains the motor cortex? |
frontal lobe |
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which lobe contains wernickes area |
temporal |
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which lobe contains broca's area |
frontal |
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aphasia |
a brain damaged produce deficit in the ability to produce or comprehend language |
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broca's aphasia |
normal comprehension of both written and spoken language, but speech is slow and labored expressive disorder |
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Wernicke's aphasia |
disorder of language comprehension both written and spoken, associated deficits in speech production receptive disorder |
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limbic system |
involved in motivated behavior (fight or flight, eating, sexual behavior) |
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amygdala involved in |
emotional reactions, fear, anger, recognizing fear in others, conditioned fear |
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hippocampus |
involved with consolidating memories (putting memories in permanent storage) |
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basal ganglia |
subcortical structures, important role in voluntary movement |
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nucleus accumbens |
plays a role in rewarding behavior (addictive drugs and other reinforcers) |
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what are neurons |
the basic building blocks of the nervous system |
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cell body (soma) neuron functions |
metabolism (energy production)
synthesis of proteins from genes |
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nucleus |
contains chromosomes |
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cytoplasm |
clear fluid outside of nucleus |
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dendrites |
processes emanating from cell body which communicate with other neurons |
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axon |
process projecting from cell body |
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axon |
process projecting from the cell body, carries the neural signal |
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axon hillock |
cone shaped region at junction between axon and cell body, involved in decision to increase or decrease neural signal |
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myelin sheath |
fatty insulation around many axons, speeds up neural signal, |
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nodes of ranvier |
gaps between sections of myelin |
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multiple sclerosis (MS) |
degeneration of myelin |
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button |
knobby ending of axon branch |
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neurotransmitter |
molecules released from neurons that influence other cells |
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synapse |
junction between two neurons or a neuron and a muscle/gland |
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synaptic cleft |
gap between synapses |
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synaptic vesicles |
membrane covered balls carrying neurotransmitters |
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neuron cell membrane composed of what |
lipid bilayer |
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head of lipid bilayer is what |
hydrophilic (polar), attracts water |
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tail of bilayer is what |
hydrophobic (non-polar), rejects water |
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channel proteins |
allow certain molecules to pass through membrane |
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signal proteins |
transfer a signal to inside of cell when certain molecules bind to outside |
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multipolar neuron |
neurons with more than one process emanating from cell body |
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unipolar |
neurons with one process emanating from cell body |
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bipolar neurons |
neuron with two processes emanating from cell body |
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most human neurons are what |
multipolar |
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sensory neurons |
carry information from sense receptors to CNS |
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motor neurons |
carry info from CNS to muscles and glands |
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Interneurons |
communicate with other neurons, make up most of human brain |
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support cells of nervous system |
provide physical and functional support suport structure remove waste make up myelin help deliver nourishment |
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glial cells |
support cells of the central nervous system |
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satelite cells |
support cells of the peripheral nervous system |
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golgi stain |
dies some neurons black, shows shape but not internal structure |
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nissl stain |
stains all neurons in preparation, but only cell bodies |
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tracing stains |
inject into neurons in brain, will follow axons |
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myelin stains |
stains myelin covered axons |
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membrane potential |
difference in electrical charge between inside and outside of neuron |
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why were membrane potentials tested in giant squid? |
because they have huge axons, easier to get electrode inside axons |
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axon at rest |
inside is more negative than outside |
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ions |
charged particles |
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negative ion |
more electrons than protons |
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positive ions |
more protons than electrons |
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ions inside and outside membrane |
sodium (Na+) and Chloride (Cl-) ions outside, Potassium (K+) and protein ions inside |
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why don't protein ions leave resting axon |
too big to fit across membrane |
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why don't chloride ions rush into resting neuron |
have same charge as resting neuron, so are repelled |
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function of sodium potassium pumps |
pump sodium ions out of neuron, pump K+ into neuron |
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what are EPSPs (excitatory postsynaptic potentials) |
increase likelihood that neuron will fire, inside becomes more positive |
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what are IPSPs? |
decrease likelihood that neuron will fire, makes inside of neuron more negative |
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graded potentials |
potentials can have different strengths |
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what is integration |
combining a number of individual EPSP and IPSP into one overall signal |
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which part of neuron does integration occur |
axon hillock |