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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
sea stars & starfishes 17
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class asteroidea
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sea lilies 17
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class crinoidea
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sea urchins & sand dollars 17
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class echinoidea
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sea cucumbers 17
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class holothuroidea
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brittle stars 17
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class ophiuroidea
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oral surface 17
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ventral side
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aboral surface 17
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dorsal side
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opening to the water vascular syatem 17
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madreporite
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extends from mouth down middle of each arm 17
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ambulacral groove
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bony ridge runing along the midline of the arm 17
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ambulacral ridge
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spiral cleavage 17
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characteristic of protostomes-cleavage planes are diagonal to the vertical axis of embryo
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indeterminate cleavage 17
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each cell of an early embryo has ability to develop into a complete embryo
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determinate cleavage 17
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fate of embryonica cell is "determined" very early in development
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deuterostomes 17
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2nd opening the forms becomes the mouth
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enlarged nucleus containing a nucleolus; meiosis begun in these cells, but not reached prophase I 17
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germinal vesicle
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invaginate 17
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creating a tube-like structure called archenteron
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4 characteristics of phylum chordata 18
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-notochord
-dorsal hollow nerve cord -pharyngeal gill slits -post-anal tail |
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subphylum urochordata 18
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food in through incurrent siphon & exit through excurret siphon; dorsal hollow nerve cord & notochord are absent in adult but found in larva
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subphylum cephalochordata 18
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water leaves via the pharyngeal gill slits & exits the body through thte atriopore
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cephalization 18
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concentration of nervous tissue & sensory structures at anterior end
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amniotes 18
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they lay shelled, water-filled eggs
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classes in subphylum vertebrata 18
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class amphibia; class reptilia; class aves; class mammalia
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birds adaptations for flight 18
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reduction of weight in skeleton; lack of teeth; wimgs
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epithelium 19
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covers body of animal or lines hollow structures w/in its body; digestive system, blood vessels
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connective tissue 19
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holds other tissues together or used for structural purposes
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muscle 19
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contractile
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nervous tissue 19
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ability to conduct an action potential
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chromatophores 19
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pigment cells give frog's skin its characteristic color & pattern
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cloaca 19
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posterior opening to the digestive & urogenital systems
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advantages of endoskeleton 19
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allows for jointed appendages capable of complex movement; lightweight, allowing vertebrates to attain greater size
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axial skeleton 19
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skull, ribs, vertebral column & sternum
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appendicular akeleton 19
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pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, limbs
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orbit 19
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opening for the eye
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fascia 19
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sheets of connective tissue that cover the muscles
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skeletal muscles 19
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attached to bones, voluntary; striations perpendicular to their long axis & are multinucleate
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smooth muscles 19
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involuntary; move food through digestive tract
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equalize air pressure on bothe sides of the tympanum; near the angles of the jaw 19
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eustachian tubes
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anterior part of the intestine where digestion finishes 19
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duodenum
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remainder of the intestine; involved in the absorption of digested food 19
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jejunoileum
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located in mesentary b/w stomach & duodenu; makes digestive enzymes & produces insulin & glucagon which regulate blood sugar levels 19
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pancreas
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membrane that holds organs in place 19
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mesentary
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cavity of the intestine 19
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lumen
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membrane outside of the intestine; continuous w/ the mesenteries 19
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visceral peritoneum
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divides into major arteries of the frogs body 19
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conus arteriosus
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thin-walled sac; blood returning from head & anterior parts of body enter 2 large veins (L&R vena cavae); blood from posterior part of body enters via single posterior vena cava 19
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sinus venosus
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synthesis of new blood cells, destruction of worn out blood cells; immune function 19
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spleen
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lines the body cavity of the urogenital system 19
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parietal peritoneum
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kidneys 19
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regulate water balance & eliminate toxic substances from blood
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dendrites 19
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receives impulsed
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cell body of neuron 19
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contains most of cytoplasm, nucleu, & most of the rest of the cellular organelles
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axon 19
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carries impulses away from cell body to other neurons
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neuroglial cells 19
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small cells among neurons; dont conduct nerve impulses; provide mechanical support, nutrition, & protction to the neurons
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biotic factors 9
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living
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abiotic factors 9
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nonliving; temperature, light, water, oxygen, availability of nutrients
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niche 9
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total utilization of biotic & abiotic resources of individual organism
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populations 9
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all the members of a given species that live in a particular location
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community 9
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all of the plant & animal populaitons living & interacting in a given environment
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ecosystem 9
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the level of ecological study that includes the entire community along w/ its physical environment
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autotrophs 9
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capture the suns energy & use it to manufacture all organic nutrients for an ecosystem
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heterotrophs 9
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obtain energy from teh chemical bonds in the food they eat
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tropic level 9
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the relationship b/w what an organism eats & what it is eaten by
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omnivores 9
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feed on both producers & consumers
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decomposers 9
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bateria & fungi that degrade the reamins of dead organisms into simpler materials
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detritivores 9
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insects, worms, & crustaceans that consume detritus
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detritus 9
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dead organic matter
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food chains & webs 9
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illustrate transfer of ood energy; 4-5 levels, 10% of energy in one trophic level transferred to the next
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why pond ecosystem studied? 9
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they support an incredible divesity of life & because they are contained w/in well defined boundaries
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littoral zone 9
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shallow region along the shore where light penetrates to the bottom; floating plants such as water lilies are found at the edge of this zone; animal life is diverse; diatoms are among most abundant producers in this area
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limnetic zone 9
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layer of open water to the depth that light penetrates; phytoplankotn, zooplankton & fish inhabit this area
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profundal zone 9
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deep region beneath the limnetic zone where light does not penetrate; organisms rely primarily on organic material that rains down from above; decomposers & detritivores found here
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surface film 9
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provides habitat for many organism; duckweed-food source for water fowl; animal found here breathe air & have specialized appendages which allow them to walk on the surface of the water w/o breaking through ;water beetles & water striders
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species diversity 9
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relates the density of the organism present in the community to the number of species in the community; combination of 2 concepts: species richness & relative abundance
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species richness 9
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number of different species in a community
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relative abundance 9
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of individuals among species
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ecologist use measures of species diversity to. . . 9
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compare & monitor communities
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ecologist monitor species diversity in natural communities. . . 9
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following biological disturbances to measure fitness or rate of recovery -non-native species can invade community & alter the species diversity: invader species experiences low predation pressure & reproduces rapidly, while exploiting the resources of several competing species
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simpsons index 9
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-measures species dominance: the number of times one would have to take pairs of individuals at random to find a pair of the same species
-if species richness is low, you would remove 2 of the same species w/ few tries -simpson suggests that species diversity is inversely related to the probability the 2 individual picked at random belong to the same species |
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regeneration 17
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replacement of severed arms
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madrophorite 17
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opening to water vascular system
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3 arms
2 arms 17 |
trivium, bivium
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petacelarial
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help clean debris & parasites
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subphylum urochordata 18
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bodies covered by membrane
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tissue 19
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group of specialized cells
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mast cells 19
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secrete histamine
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reticular fibers 19
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branch
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collagen fibers 19
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bundles
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macrophages 19
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scavenge & clean up body
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fibroblasts 19
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secrete fibers
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matrix 19
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physical state
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muscle 19 (3 parts)
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1. origin
2. belly 3. insertion (where attached) |
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pancreas location 19
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extends from the pyloric sphinctor anteriorly towards the liver
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level of study 9 (pond ecology)f
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niche, population, community, ecosystem
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energy flow 9 (pond ecology)
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autrotrophs: primary producers; heterotrophs: primary,2,3,4 consumers; decomposers: detrivores, detritus
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