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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Is ADP -> ATP Endergonic or Exergonic? |
Endergonic |
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Atp -> ADP Exergonic or endergonic? |
Exergonic |
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Explain Endosymbiosis |
The idea that the mitochondria came first, mitochondria and chloroplast were first bacteria when they came into eukaryotes. But mitochondria came first |
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How does phosphorylation of ADP work? |
A phospate group is simply added to ADP to make ATP |
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Whats the name for mitosis in prokaryotes? |
Binary fission |
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What does cyclin and cdk do when it comes to the cell cycle |
They help transition it from phase to phase |
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Explain Epigenetics |
It's when the gene expression are changed but not the nucleotide sequence |
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High ----> Low is |
Diffusion |
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Low -----> High is |
Active transport |
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What can diffuse easily across the membrane |
Small nonpolar molecules |
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What is RRNA |
A ribozyme |
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What is a steriod |
A carbohydrate |
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6 steps of gene expression with Eukaryotes |
- Chromatin remolding - Transcriptional level - MRNA Processing level - MRNA stability level - Translational level -Post-translational level |
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Chromatin remolding |
when chromatin switches from condensed to decondesnsed |
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Chromatin |
DNA + Proteins that make up eukaryotic chromosomes |
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Nucleosomes |
DNA double helix that wraps twice around histone proteins |
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Condensed Chromatin |
Genes are not accesible to RNA polymerase |
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DNA Methylation |
Condensed, no transcription, adds a methyl group to nucleotide |
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DNA Demethylation |
Decondensed, yes transcription, removes methyl group from nucleotide |
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What happens when histone is acetylated |
Chromatin is decondensed so yes to transcription |
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What happens when you remove acetyl from histone |
The chromatin becomes condensed so no to transcription |
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Epigenetics |
Change in gene expression but nucleotide sequence stays the same |
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When are genes inaccesible to RNA Polymerase |
When chromatin is condensed |
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What does the promoter regions (TATA BOX) in transcription level bind? |
They bind basal transcription factors such as tata binding protein and RNA polymerase with other proteins. Which forms the basal transcription complex |
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What regulated the activity of the basal transcription complex? |
Regulatory DNA sequence that bind Regulatory transcription factors |
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3 types of regulatory DNA sequences |
-Promoter proximal elements -Enhancers - Silencers |
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Explain promoter proximal elements |
DNA sequences located near the promoter that binds positive regulatory proteins (transcriptional activators) or negative regulatory proteins (transcriptional repressors) |
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Explain Enhancers |
DNA sequences located far away from the promoter and binds positive regulatory proteins (transcription activators) |
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Explain Silencers |
DNA sequences far away from the promoter that binds negative regulatory proteins (transcription repressors) |
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What are regulatory factors? |
Proteins that bind to regulatory DNA sequences |
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What do proximal elements do? |
They interact with the basal transcription complex to increase or decrease transcription |
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What does DNA bending do? |
Brings Transcriptional activators that bind to enhancers and transcriptional repressors that bind to silencers closer to the BASAL COMPLEX TRANSCRIPTION |
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Whats does Eukaryotic MRNA Processing include? |
it includes splicing |
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How do cells regulated gene expression at MRNA processing |
By splicing |
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What's so special about one primary transcript |
It can splice in several different ways making different version of spliced MRNAS making different proteins |
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Explain MRNA stability level |
Mrna goes to cytoplasm, then the stability can be controlled by different mechanisms and also Mrna can be attacked by two things 1. RNA destroying enzymes 2. MicroRna that binds to Mrna and cuts them |
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What can control the life time of MRNA? |
Poly (A) tail length |
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Certain Mrna's are attacked by _______ |
MircoRna's |
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What do MicroRna's do |
They bind to specific MRNA'S and cut them |
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When can the binding of mircorna's to mrna's happen? |
THIS CAN ONLY HAPPEN WHEN THE SEQUEQNCE OF THE MICRORNA IS A PERFECT MATH WITH THE REGION ON MRNA WHERE IT BINDS |
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Translational level |
Phosphorylation of some ribosomal proteins make ribsome unable to translate most MRNA'S |
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How can some mirco RNA'S control translation? |
by blocking the progress of the ribosomal along the MRNA |
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When does the blocking the progress of ribosomal along the mRNA occur? |
When the sequence of MicroRNA is not a math with MRNA |
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What are the common mechanisms for post-translational level? |
- Not folding well -Not sending it to the final destination -Modifications such as phosphorylation, glycoslation or binding to other proteins -Degradation |
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Gene expression |
Making the final functional product from a gene |
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How do cells in different tissues look and behave differently from each other if they have the same genes? |
Differential gene expression, basically even though the geneses are the same in all cells they are not expressed the same way |
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Hetereochromatin |
Condensed (packed) chromatin, contains inactive genes, no transcription |
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Euchromatin |
Decondensed (unpacked) chromatin, contains actively transcribing genes. Transcription yes |
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Which ones have condensed (packed) chromatin and what happens here |
-DNA methylated -Histone deactylated -Heterochromatid -No trascription |
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Which ones have decondensed (unpacked) chromatin and what happens here |
-Dna demethylated -Histone accetylated -Euchromatid -Yes transcription |
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What happens when theres no tumor supressor protein? |
Uncontrollable cell devision happens which leads to cancer |
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Whats the good news about Epigenetic inheritance |
Modification can reverse themselves during meiosis |
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What is the bad news about Epigenetic inheritance? |
Some modifications will be passed down to your kids |
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3 types of regulatory DNA sequence |
1. Promoter proximal elements (near promoter) 2. Enhancers 3. Silencers |
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2 types of regulatory transcription factors |
1. Transcription activators: Increase transcription 2. Transcription repressors: Decrease transcription |
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Explain gene therapy |
Take genes out of your body inject cells into it then inject the now new modified genes back into your body |
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What does Lac-Z gene make? |
Beta- galactosidase |
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What does lac Y gene make? |
Premase |
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What are differential gene expressions |
specific genes transcribe differently in different cells at different times |
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3 levels of gene expression in bacteria |
1.Transcriptional level 2.Translational level 3. Post- translational level (control of expression after proteins are made) |
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What do ribozymes do? |
Catalyze peptide bond formations |
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What do E.coli prefer to use other than lactose? |
Glucose |
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Negative control |
Glucose present Lactose absent |
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Operon |
Cluster of genes controlled by ONE promoter |
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Premease |
Transporter to take lactose into the cell |
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Beta-galactosidase |
An enzyme to breakdown lactose to glucose and galactose |
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What does Lac-I gene produce? |
Represor |
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How does the repressor block transcription? |
By binding to the operator |
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Explain negative control |
Repressor binds to the operators which blocks transcription and this happens when glucose is used over lactose |
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Removal of negative control |
Glucose is present Lactose is present |
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Explain removal of negative control |
Lactose enters the cells with the help of permease then the lactose binds onto the repressor. It changes the shape of the repressor which forces the repressor to fall off and transcription can start |
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What happens when glucose and lactose are present? |
E.coli will still prefer glucose to negative control happens |
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What inhibits the entry of lactose into the cell by inhibiting permease? |
High level of glucose |
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Explain positive control |
regulatory proteins trigger transcription |
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What does lac operon include |
A promoter, and operator, lac genes and an terminator |