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179 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
cardiovascular system consists of a heart, BVs, blood
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know
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right side of heart receives de/oxygenated blood
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deoxygenated
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left side of the heart receives de/oxygenated blood from the lungs
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know
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systemic loop is...
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blood circulated around the body
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pulmonary loop is...
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blood circulated to the lungs
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heart consists of two regions...
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atrium
ventricle |
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atrium are thinner/thicker than the ventricles...
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thinner
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flow of blood starting at the right atrium?
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rt atrium
rt ventricle pulmonary artery lungs pulmonary vein left atrium left ventricle aorta body superior/inferior vena cava |
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order of blood vessels from strongest to weakest?
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aorta
arteries arterioles capillaries venules veins |
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portal system
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when a capillary bed drains into another capillary bed through veins
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hepatic portal system
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connect vascularities of intestines to the liver (flow of blood)
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hypophyseal portal system
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brain capillary exchange
-connects vaculatures of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland in the brain |
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coronary arteries provide the heart with oxygen and nutrients
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know
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myocardial ischemia
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bloackage of coronary arteries that leads to decreased nutrient and oxygen flow to heart
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what type of chest pain can result from myocardial ischemia
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angina
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if pain and symptoms from mayocardial ischemia continue, can lead to a heart attack
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know
-myocardial infarction |
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atherosclerosis
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blockage of blood vessels, can lead to myocardial ischemia etc
-caused by cholesterol built-up or plaque |
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which side is stronger and deals with higher pressure?
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left side of heart
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heart contains two types of valves
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Atrio-ventricular valves
semi-lunar valves |
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rights av valve =
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tricuspid
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left ac valve =
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bicuspid aka mitral
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both av valves prevent back flow from the ventricle into the atrium
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know
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semilunar valves prevent backflow into the ventricles from either the pulmonary artery or the aorta
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know
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right SL valve =
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pulmonary SL valve
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left SL valve =
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aortic SL valve
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av valves prevent backflow during contraction/relaxation
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contraction
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sl valves prevent backflow during contraction/relaxation
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relaxation
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heart sounds
lub = dub = |
lub = when av close
dub = sl close |
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heart beat consists of two separate phases...
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systole = contraction
diastole = relaxation |
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during systole, av valves closed and ventricles contract
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know
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during diastole, the SL valve is closed and av valve opened
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know
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systole = higher pressure
diastole = lower pressure |
know
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cardiac output
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total amount of blood that can be pumped in a minute
Stroke volume x HR |
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avg cardiac output =
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5-6L/min
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cardiac output depends on the size and the age of the person
and cardiovascular health |
know
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heart exhibits myogenic activity
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beats to its own drum...
does not require outside signals to pump from NS |
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what is pathway of electrical signals starting from the SA node?
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SA node
AV node bundle of His bundle branches purkinje fibers |
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SA node =
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originator of signals
-pacemaker of cell -impulse begins here |
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impulse consists of ___ to ___ signals per minute sent to AV node, etc
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60-100
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where is the SA node located?
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right atrium
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atrial kick is the extra amount of blood forced into the ventricle by the atrial contraction
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know
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AV node ____ the signal sent to the bundle of His to allow ventricles to completely fill
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delays
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purkinje fibers distribute the signal at the base of the ventricles to signal contraction
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know
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ANS consists of the para/sympathetic NS
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both
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parasympathetic NS slows/increases the HR via the vagus nerve
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slows
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sympathetic NS slows/increases the HR via the vagus nerve
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increases
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heart attack sufferers can be prescribed beta-blockers to suppress sympathetic activation
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know
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what are the three main types of vessels?
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arteries, veins, capillaries
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arteries push blood towards/away from the heart
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away
-pulmonary artery --> lungs |
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veins push blood towards/away from the heart
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towards
-pulmonary vein |
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most arteries contain de/oxygenated blood
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oxygenated
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which arteries contain deoxygenated blood
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pulmonary artery
fetal pulmonary artery (baby) |
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veins are thin-walled and inelastic
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know
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most veins contain de/oxygenated blood
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deoxygenated
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which veins contain oxygenated blood?
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pulmonary vein
fetal pulmonary vein |
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arteries are thicker and more elastic...
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know
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arteries/veins contain 3/4's of blood pooling
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veins
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how do veins prevent backflow?
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one-way valves prevent back-flow
-valve shuts if backflow occurs |
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varicose veins form from the...
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failure of one-way valves
-blood pools in the legs |
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are pregnant women susceptible to varicose veins?
-why? |
yes
-drastic increase in blood volume -increased venous pressure -fetus compresses the inferior vena cava..increase venous pressure |
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how do veins move blood toward the heart?
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large veins are surrounded by skeletal muscle
-squeezes veins to contract -forces blood up against gravity |
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pulmonary embolism
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formation of blood clot that moves in blood vessel
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capillaries
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single endothelial cell layer
-allow for exchange of nutrients and gases to occur |
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blood pressure
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measure of force per unit area that is exerted on the wall of the blood vessels
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sphygmomanometer
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the device used to measure BP
-measure pressure above atm |
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BP = ___ over ____
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systolic over diastolic
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pressure curve with BP
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----1----2----\
-------------3-\ --------------4-\ ----------------5-\_6_____7___ 1 = aorta 2 = arteries 3 = arterioles 4 = capillaries 5 = venules 6 = veins 7 = vena cava |
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blood component functions
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next
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water
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major solvent
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salts
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-Na, Mg, K, Ca, Cl, HCO3-
-osmotic balance -pH buffering -membrane permeability |
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plasma proteins
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albumin
fibrinogen immunoglobins -osmotic balance, pH buffering, clotting, defense |
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ethrocyte
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RBC
-transport O2 -hemoglobin + Fe -CO2 transport |
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leukocyte
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produce antibodies
-defense against infection |
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platelets
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blood clotting
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what things are transported in blood?
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-O2
-CO2 -wastes -nutrients (glucose, F. acids, vitamins..etc) -hormones |
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blood is composed of two main things..
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plasma(55%) and cells(45%)
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plasma is the liquid portion of blood
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its a mixture of salts, nutrients, respiratory gases, hormones and blood proteins
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cell components include...
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ethrocytes
leukocytes platelets |
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hematopoietic cells =
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undifferentiated/undetermined cell
-originate from bone marrow |
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most of bloods cells come from...
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bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells
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ethrocytes are RBC
-purpose? |
oxygen transport
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RBC contain a protein called ___ that binds O2
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hemoglobin
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how many O2's can a hemoglobin molecule bind?
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4
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RBC shape is...
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biconcave )(
-allows for greater SA -allows for greater gas exchange |
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mature RBC do/not have organelles, nuclei and mitochondria
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do not
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lack of mitochondria guarantees that the RBC will not consume the oxygen carried due to cellular respiration
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know
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RBC therefore must rely on fermentation (lactic acid production) for ATP
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know
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lack of nuclei with RBC prevents/allows cellular division
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prevents
-avg lifespan = 120days -liver phagocytizes them |
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leukocytes are WBC
-form in bone marrow |
know
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leukocytes compose ___% of the blood
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1%
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WBC are crucial to immune system, defenders of pathogens, infections, foreign cells etc
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know
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WBC can be characterized into two groups
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granulocytes
agranulocytes |
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granulocytes contain granules
include -neutrophils -basophils -eosinophils |
involved in inflammatory reactions, allergies, pus formation, destruction of parasites and bacteria
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agranulocytes do not contain granules
include -lymphocytes -monocytes |
know
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lymphocytes are important in specific immune response...
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elimination of bacteria/parasites
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lymphocytes are involved in both
1. immediate fight against bacteria/parasite 2. long-term memory of pathogen |
take notes on details of bacterium, virus etc so the next time the cells come into contact with it, they form an immediate cell-response against it
ex) vaccines help build up a library for WB cells to learn from |
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lymphocyte maturation occurs in 3 locations
1. spleen 2. lymph nodes 3. thymus |
know
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B-cells originate from...
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spleen and/or lymph nodes
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t-cells originate from...
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thymus
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B-cells are responsible for antibody generation
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know
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T-cells are responsible for killy infected cells and activating other immune cells
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know
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monocytes phagocytize foreign matter like bacteria
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know
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once a monocyte leaves the bone marrow, it is renamed as a macrophage
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know
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if macrophage travels to brain, it is called a microglia
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-active immune defense of CNS
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platelets are broken up megakaryocytes
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know
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platelets main function is to...
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clot blood
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how does one identify a cell type?
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look at proteins expressed on extracellular surface of cell membrane
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antigens
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molecules recognize by the immune system
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blood types
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discussed next
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blood type A
-contains which antigen? -produces which antibodies? |
antigen = A
antibodies = B |
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blood type B
-contains which antigen? -produces which antibodies? |
antigen = B
antibody = A |
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blood type AB
-contains which antigen? -produces which antibodies? |
antigen = A, B
antibody = none universal recipient |
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blood type O
-contains which antigen? -produces which antibodies? |
antigen = none
antibody = A, B universal donor |
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AB blood is codominant expression
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know
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A blood type can originate from which combinations?
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AA or Ai
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B blood type can originate from which combinations?
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BB or Bi
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AB blood type can originate from which combinations?
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AB
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O blood type can originate from which combinations?
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ii
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if patient with type A blood receives type B blood, what will occur
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hemolysis
-breakdown of RBC and antibody-B number increases |
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Rh factor is a surface protein on RBC
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know
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Rh+ means..
Rh- means.. |
presence = +
absence = - |
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Rh presence is Dominant
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know
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Rh factor is important with maternal-fetal blood
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know
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if woman is Rh- and her baby is Rh+, the woman will begin to produce Rh+ antibodies
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this is not a problem with first baby
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any pregnancies after Rh+ antibodies built up will lead to issues if next baby is Rh+
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know
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the antibody Rh's will attack the fetal Rh+ blood cells, resulting in hemolysis of fetal blood cells
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know
these Rh-antibodies are CAPABLE of crossing into the placenta |
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this condition of mother blood cells(Rh-) attacking Rh+ fetal blood cells is called...
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erythroblastosis fetalis
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medicine can be used to prevent this situation from occurring, supressing the mother's blood from attacking
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know
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mismatching of ABO blood is less of a concern between baby and mother since blood is not intermixed...
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know
-maternal A-antibodies and B-antibodies are not capable of crossing the placenta unlike the Rh-antibodies |
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what are the two most important gases transported in blood?
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CO2
O2 |
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oxygen = lungs --> tissue
CO2 = tissue --> lungs |
know
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binding or releasing of O2 to the heme group Fe is a redox reaction
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know
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as more O2 binds Fe, the affinity for O2 in/decreases
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increases
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with each O2 binding, a conformational shift occurs
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know
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once Fe full with 4 O2 molecules, the removal of one will cause a shape change to occur
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results in decreased affinity for O2
-quickly releases O2 after 1 removed |
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O2 affinity results in a Sigmoidal S curve
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know
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hemoglobin protein = quaternary structure
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know
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myoglobin lacks quaternary structure and is not sigmoidal
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myoglobin used to move O2 from hemoglobin to muscles
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shifts in sigmoidal curve...
shift to right = shift to left = |
right = less affinity for O2
--less O2 bound --lower saturation left = more affinity for O2 --more O2 bound --higher saturation |
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right shift caused by
-acidic pH -increase CO2 partial pressure -increase in temperature |
occurs with exercise
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shift to left caused by
-increase in O2 partial pressure |
know
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fetal hemoglobin > adult hemoglobin
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know
-affinity wise |
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CO2 = non-polar
-does not dissolve in plasma well |
know
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CO2 carried by hemoglobin
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though CO2 affinity < O2 affinity
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whats most common CO2 form in blood?
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HCO3-
bicarbonate |
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CO2 + H2O + carbanic anhydrase --> H2CO3 --> H+ + HCO3-
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know
equation from lungs to blood |
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H+ and HCO3- have high solubility in water = more effective way of transportation
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know
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reverse EQ for blood --> lungs
CO2 + H2O + carbanic anhydrase <-- H2CO3 <-- H+ + HCO3- |
know
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Eq helps with pH control since directly produces H+ or removes it!
CO2 + H2O + carbanic anhydrase <--> H2CO3 <--> H+ + HCO3- |
know
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bohr effect
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increasing concentration of protons and/or carbon dioxide will reduce the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin
-Increasing blood carbon dioxide levels can lead to a decrease in pH because of the chemical equilibrium is shifted to produce H+. CO2 + H2O + carbanic anhydrase <--> H2CO3 <--> H+ + HCO3- |
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Bohr effect seen with increased activity = increased O2 demand = increased CO2 production ---> shifts EQ to RIGHT
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know
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HCO3- + H+ and H2CO3 act as a blood buffer against pH changes
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know
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pH of blood...
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7.4
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carbohydrates and AA
-absorbed in SI capillaries, enter systemic circulation via hepatic portal system |
hepatic = intestine --> liver
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fats
-absorbed into lacteals in SI -BYPASS the hepatic portal circulation and enter systemic circulation via thoracic duct -fats repackaged as lipoproteins = H2O soluble |
know
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wastes that enter bloodstream
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CO2
Urea NH3(ammonia) -travel down concentration gradients = passive diffusion -from tissue --> capillary |
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in bloodstream, there are 2 pressure gradients...
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hydrostatic
osmotic |
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hydrostatic pressure is generated by contraction of heart and elasticity of arteries
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pressure is high at arteriole end of capillary
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hydrostatic pressure is force/unit area that blood exerts against the vessel walls
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know
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hydrostatic pressure =
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bloodstream --> interstitial space of tissues
-forces nutrients out of blood and into tissues |
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as fluid moves out of blood vessels, the hydrostatic pressure DROPS
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know
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at venule end of capillary, the osmotic pressure is high
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osmotic pressure is generated by the concentration of particles in plasma compartment
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called oncotic/osmotic pressure because it depends on the concentration of plasma proteins
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know
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osmotic pressure pushes fluid from interstitial fluid into the bloodstream
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know
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hydrostatic pressure is an outward force (pushes out of blood stream) while osmotic/oncotic is an inward force(pulls into bloodstream)
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know
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both pressures mess with nutrients, wastes and fluids
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know
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balance between the two forces =
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starling forces
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edema =
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accumulation of fluid in the interstitial region
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lymphatic system takes up interstitial fluid
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returns it into circulation
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thoracic duct
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part of lymphatic system where fluid returned to blood stream
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edema can arise from blocked lymph nodes or surgical invasion
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know
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when platelets come into contact with exposed collagen(makes up connective tissue)...
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senses this as an injury
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platelets in response to this, release contents, aggregate
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clump together
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thromboplastin
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clotting agent released/produced by platelets
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thromboplastin converts prothrombin to ___ with the help of enzymatic cofactors ___ and vitamin ___
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thrombin
Ca2+ Vitamin K |
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thrombin converts fibrinogen to ___
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fibrin
-a protein that makes little fibers that aggregate like a net and capture RBC/platelets = clot |
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back trace...osmotic pressure remains constant from arteriole to venule (across capillary bed)....
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continue (my bad)
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if clotting occurs at skin surface...it is a...
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scab
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hemophilia = lack of clotting ability
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recessive disorder
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