Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Specific Defence Mechanism |
Response is slower and is specific to each pathogen Cell mediated response - T lymphocytes Humoral response - B lymphocytes |
|
Non Specific Defence Mechanism |
Physical barrier Phagocytosis Response is immediate and is the same for all pathogens. |
|
Apoptosis |
Cell death |
|
Pathogen |
Something that can cause disease |
|
Phagocytes |
A type of white blood cell that carries out phagocytosis |
|
Antigen |
Any part of an organism or substance that is recognised as non-self by the immune system and stimulates an immune response |
|
B Lymphocytes |
Specific immune response Bone marrow Humoral immunity |
|
T Lymphocytes |
Specific response Thymus gland Cell mediated immunity |
|
Antigen presenting cells |
Cells that display foreign antigens on their surface |
|
Cell mediated immunity |
Will respond to antigens that are presented on a body cell rather than in body fluids. Respond to organisms own cells that have been infected by non self material from different species. |
|
Cytotoxic T Cells |
Kills abnormal cells and body cells that are infected by pathogens, producing a protein called performing which makes tiny holes in the cell surface membrane. |
|
Humoral Immunity |
Involves antibodies which are soluble in blood and tissue fluid. Produce specific antibodies to respond to specific antigens. |
|
Monoclonal Antibodies |
B cells that make clones which produces one specific antibody |
|
Plasma Cells |
Primary immune response Immediate defence of the body against infection |
|
Memory Cells |
Secondary immune response |
|
Antibodies |
Are proteins with specific binding sites synthesised by B cells. These react to antigens on the surface of the non self material by binding to them. |
|
Uses for Antibodies |
• Targeting medication to specific cell types (E.g.) cancer - block chemical signals that stimulate uncontrolled cell growth • Medical Diagnosis Faster method of diagnosing • Pregnancy Testing Urine binds to the antibodies on the test |
|
What are the ethical issues of antibodies? |
• Animal testing for production • Patients must have knowledge on the risk and benefits • Testing for the safety of drugs can be dangerous |
|
Passive Immunity |
Introduction of antibodies into individuals from an outside source Immunity acquired immediately No memory cells produced, no lasting immunity |
|
Active Immunity |
Stimulating the production of antibodies by the individuals own immune system • Natural Active Immunity • Artificial Active Immunity Vaccination |
|
Features of a successful vaccination |
• Economically available • Few side effects • Vaccinate the vast majority of people |
|
Herd Immunity |
When a large proportion of the population has been vaccinated to amke it difficult for the pathogen to spread within the population. |
|
Why may vaccination not be successful? |
• Defective immune systems • Pathogen may mutate frequently • Impossible to devolope a vaccine for a variety of pathogens • Individuals may object |
|
Ethical issues of vaccines |
• Animal testing • Side effects • Should vaccination be compulsory |
|
ELISA Test |
Uses antibodies to detect the presence of a protein in a sample but also its quantity. |