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118 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the purpose of mRNA? |
tocarry DNA gene information out of the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasmor the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
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How is mRNA decoded? |
Threebases at a time.
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What are each three base sequence called ona mRNA? |
A Codon
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Howmany amino acids are there?
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20 |
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What do codons code for?
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amino acids |
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How is the mRNA codon and the original DNA strand related? |
They are complimentary to each other |
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Which RNA is the decoder? |
tRNA |
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What are the bases called on the tRNA? |
Anticodons |
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Compare mRNA and tRNA
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mRNA:codes and uses codons, tRNA: decodesmRNA and uses anticodons
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What is each tRNA attached to?
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a specific amino acid |
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what is the purpose of tRNA?
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to bring the correct amino acid during elongation |
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what is rRNA?
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ribosomal RNA, a component of a catalytically active ribosome enzyme |
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where is rRNA synthesized? |
Nucleolus |
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Where does transcription take place?
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in nucleus |
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where does translation take place?
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out in the cytoplasm |
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how many bases make up a codon? |
3
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how many codons make up the genetic code? |
64 |
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how many codons are start/stop codons?
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4 |
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T/F amino acids have more than one codon?
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True |
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what is the start codon in base form and amino acid form? |
AUG, methionine (MET) |
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What are the stop codons?
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UAG, UGA, UAA |
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what are the properties of the genetic code?
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Composed of nucleotide triplets,nonoverlapping, degenerate (can have any combination), ordered, contains 1start codon (AUG), 3 stop codons (UAG, UGA, and UAA), and has 60 coding aminoacids, and it is nearly universal (besides mitochondria and some protozoa) |
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What position is the wobble base position in TAG and what does it mean?
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G, it means that G may be replaced with other nucleotides and it will still code for the same amino acid |
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what ate the macromolecules of translation?
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Polypeptides and RNA molecules of theribosome, amino-acid activating enzymes, tRNA molecules, soluble proteinsinvolved in polypeptide chain initiation, elongation, and termination. |
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tRNA __________ the genetic code.
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Translates |
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rRNAs are _____________ building blocks |
ribosome |
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which RNA is an adapter between amino acids and codons? |
tRNA |
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What three specifics must be accomplishedby the tRNA molecule? |
Must have correct anticodon sequence, mustbe recognized by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, and must bind to the appropriatesites on the ribosomes. |
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How many ribosomal subunits are involved in translation?
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2 |
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what are the ribosomal subunits built from?
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rRNA and proteins OR ribonuclear proteins |
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Which RNA encodes information to make protein?
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mRNA
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what is a polypeptide? |
a long chain of amino acids |
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what three groups do amino acids have?
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a free amino group, a free carboxyl group, and a side (R) group |
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what are proteins made from?
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polypeptides |
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what composes proteins? |
20 different kinds of amino acids |
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which bonds join amino acids during the elongation process of translation? |
peptide bonds |
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what are the three steps in translation? |
Initiation, elongation, and termination |
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what occurs in initiation? |
Initiator tRNA with AUG attached binds tomRNA codon, AUG binds with small ribosomal subunit, large ribosomal subunitbinds to form the initiation complex. |
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what occurs in elongation?
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peptide bonds form between amino acids |
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what occurs in termination?
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stop codon is reached and initiation complex disassembles |
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what is a polysome? |
a cluster of ribosomes all translating the rame mRNA at the same time. |
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where do polypeptide (protein) chains go after translation? |
in the cytoplasm or sent to the ER to go out of the cell |
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what molecules help repair DNA?
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DNA polymerases and other enzymes |
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what DNA damage can be done due to UV light?
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thymine dimers |
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what do thymine dimers cause? |
deletion |
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what is a genetic disorder in which radiation damage cannon be fixed? |
Xeroderma Pigmentosum |
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what is a mutation? |
a change in the nucleotide sequence |
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what are the four common kinds of mutation?
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deletion, expansion, base-pair substitution, and transposable elements |
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what is a base-pair substitution?
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an incorrect nucleotide is paired with an exposed base during DNA replication |
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what is a disease caused from base-pair substitution?
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Sickle-cell anemia |
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what is deletion and why is it severe?
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a base is lose, it changes the whole reading frame |
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what is an expansion mutation? |
nucleotide sequence repeated multiple times |
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what are two examples of expansion mutation?
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Huntington's disease and Fragile X
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what is a transposable element?
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Bits of DNA can move from one location toanother in the same DNA molecule or in a different one. |
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what is an example of a transposable element disease?
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neurofibromatosis |
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how may a deletion or expansion mutation not be as severe
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if it occurs in a triplet |
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what is a gross error?
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Chromosomal disorders due to variations inchromosome number or structure. |
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what is an example of a chromosomal disorder? |
down syndrom |
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what is a karyotype? |
a visualization of chromosomes |
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what kinds of errors can be made due to mutations? |
errors can occur in an entire chromosome, part of a chromosome, or a single gene |
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the flor of information in the central dogma is...
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DNA->RNA->Protein |
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what do some viruses use to synthesize DNA from RNA?
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reverse transcriptase |
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T/F DNA is a single strand? |
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Purines are composed of __________ andpyrimidine's are composed of ______________. |
two rings, three rings
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T/F DNA is replicated 3'-5'
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False |
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What is a way of replicating and viewing DNA? |
centrifugation |
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__ Hydrogen bonds are formed betweenA-T, and __ Hydrogen bonds are formed between G-C. |
2,3
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information used for making proteins organized into regions along DNA molecules is called...
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genes |
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How many chromosomes do most people have?
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64 |
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this process produces exact copies of DNA that are passed on to two new daughter cells
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replicatopm |
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Which specific enzymes are involved inDNA replication and DNA transcription? |
DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase |
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Transcription creates ___ from ____ inthe _______ of the cell. |
RNA, DNA, nucleus
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what does pre-mRNA contain that mature mRNA does not?
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introns |
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what takes out the introns from the RNA sequence so that it may leave the nucleus? |
spliceosome |
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These may be used to speed up or halt transcription.
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Regulatory proteins and enhancers |
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T/F Genetic code is disordered
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True |
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what is the third base in a codon called?
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wobble base |
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_RNAs are ribosomal building blocks,combine ribosomes during translation, and are built in the nucleus from RNA andprotein (ribonuclease). |
r
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what types of bonds form between amino acids growing polypeptide chain during translation?
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peptide |
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T/F Amino acids are made of protease
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False |
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which enzyme is used for transcription? |
RNA polymerase |
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What occurs during the initiation process of elongation?
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The initiator tRNA with AUG attachedbind to mRNA codon AUG binds with the small ribosomalsubunit Large ribosomal subunit binds to formthe initiation complex |
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what occurs during elongation of translation?
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peptide bonds form between incoming amino acids |
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what happens during termination of elongation? |
Polypeptide falls off Stop codon is reached The ribosomal subunits disassemble andfall off |
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what is the term for an animal that has received a new, foreign gene?
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transgenic |
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A ___________ _______ represents therelationships among organisms based on similarities in DNA, not their origin. |
phylogenetic tree
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_________ is a collection of all of thedifferent proteins in an organism |
proteome
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what is the protein that chromatin wraps around?
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histone |
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_________ means that we have two sets of chromosomes |
diploid |
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how many autosomes do we have? |
44 |
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What four things do sells do throughout their life cycle?
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grow, develop, maintain themselves, and reproduce |
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paired corresponding chromosomes are known as.... |
homologous |
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meiosis is the division of __________ cells. |
germ |
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Mitosis takes cells from 2Nà_N, and meiosis takes cells from 2Nà _N
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2,1
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Cell growth occurs in __ and preparationfor mitosis occurs in __. |
G1, G2 |
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when does DNA replication occur during interphase?
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S phase
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define centriole
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location of microtubule production |
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define centromere
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location where microtubules attach to the chromosome |
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define chromosome
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the form of DNA that is only visible during mitosis |
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define chromatin
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wrapped around histones- what DNA is usually in |
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define centrosome
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total motor at the poles of the cell that shorten microtubules |
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define chromatid
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the two segments that are separated during anaphase |
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What are the six C's?
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Centriole Centromere Chromosome Chromatin Centrosome Chromatid |
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how many centrosomes and centrioles are present in each cell?
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2,4 |
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T/F Interphase is a phase of mitosis
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False |
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What phase involves the chromosome lining up at the equator of the cell?
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metaphase |
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which phase involves the chromosomes decondensing in to chromatin and the nuclear envelope reforming?
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telophase |
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what process if defined by the splitting of the cytoplasm?
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cytokinesis |
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A ________ ________ forms and _____ pulls theplasma membrane in around the cell during cytokinesis.
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cleavage furrow, actin
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what is a fertilized egg called?
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zygote |
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what type of division is meiosis?
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reductional |
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_______ is when sister chromatids move toopposite poles
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nondisjunction
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_________ cells provide nourishment for sperm,while ________ cells produce testosterone
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sertoli, lydig
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during oogenesis, how many viable egg cells and polar bodies are created?
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1,3 OR 1,2 |
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List the order of maturation for a sperm: __________ spermatocyte, secondaryspermatocyte, __________, sperm
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primary, spermatid
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The _______ is a person’s geneticinformation, and a person’s __________ is based on their physical appearance |
genotype, phenotype |
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How many hydrogen bonds occur for each type ofbase pairing?
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Adenine-2 Thymine-2 Cytosine-3 Guanine-3 |
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how does DNA replicate?
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semi-consevative |