Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Neoplasm
|
"new" + "to mould" = new growth
|
|
Is neoplasm normal or abnormal?
|
ABNORMAL
|
|
(Normal Cell Proliferation)
Normally, cells divide a certain number of times, only fill so much space, and they do this in the _____ location. |
right
|
|
(Normal Cell Proliferation)
In normal tissue, there are ______ for cell division. |
controls
|
|
In neoplasms, cells escape control for ____ _____.
|
Cell division
|
|
In neoplasm, cells divide more or less than they should?
|
more
|
|
The end result of neoplasm is a mass of cells with _____ number, in a ____ location.
|
↑, inappropriate
|
|
(Normal Differentiation)
Normal cell differentiation is _____. |
orderly
|
|
(Disorderly Differentiation)
Neoplasm cells remain stuck in more _____ states. |
immature
|
|
Immature/undifferentiated cells show behaviors that are like expressing
|
fetal proteins/hormones
|
|
Malignant neoplasms spread into
|
surrounding tissues and body parts
|
|
Neoplasms are a diverse group of
|
diseases
|
|
We classify neoplasm by ____ and _____
|
behavior
tissue of origin |
|
Benign masses expand into spaces where
|
they don't belong
|
|
(Benign)
Don't invade |
surrounding tissues
|
|
(Benign)
There's no |
metastasis
|
|
(Benign)
Growth rate is |
low
|
|
(Benign)
Have little |
mitosis
|
|
(Benign)
pressure of mass on surrounding tissue has |
atrophy
|
|
(Malignant)
Invade |
surrounding tissue
|
|
(Malignant)
Has |
metastasis
|
|
(Malignant)
Have lots of |
mitosis and growth
|
|
(Malignant)
damages |
surrounding tissue
|
|
Malignancy has
- ↑ ______ - incomplete _______ |
-proliferation
-differentiation |
|
Incomplete differentiation in malignancy means
-cells... -nuclei... -abnormal... |
-cells vary in size and shape
-nuclei have greater volume than norm -abnormal ploidy |
|
-Epithelium Tissue
Malignant: ______ -Connective Tissue Malignant: ______ |
-carcinomas
-sarcoma |
|
Dysplasia -
|
cell changes as a sign of malignancy but
no invasion present (yet) |
|
Dysplasia acts as what kind of sign?
|
warning
|
|
Dysplasia is common in
|
epithelial tissues
|
|
If whole depth of the tissue is dysplasic, the the term ____ in ____ is used.
|
carcinoma in situ
|
|
Hamartoma is a ____ -like mass
|
tumor
|
|
Hamartoma lacks ______ behavior
|
autonomous (independence)
|
|
Hamartoma has good differentiation
in the ______ ______ |
right organ
|
|
Heteroplasia happens at what stage?
|
stem cell
|
|
In Heteroplasia, differentiation of tissue is
|
wrong for location
|
|
2 Benign epithelial neoplasms are
|
-papilloma
-adenoma |
|
In Papilloma:
- epithelial cells grow in - squamous cells grow in |
- a sheet
-transitional or columnar |
|
In Adenoma:
- cells are in - arises from |
- solid islands or masses of cells
-gland or duct epithelium |
|
In Adenoma development, small groups of cells gather around
|
a lumen
|
|
What may develop in Adenoma?
|
-a cyst or cystadenoma
|
|
In hyperplasia, there is...
|
a lot of cells
|
|
In Hypertrophy cells...
|
cells that get bigger
|
|
Hyperplasia is controlled by _____ feedback mechanisms
|
negative
|
|
Hyperplasia is a response to an...
|
↑ in functional need
|
|
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
-Girls: -Boys: |
-masculization
-early puberty |
|
There is loss of salt in what kind of hyperplasia
|
congenital adrenal
|
|
Defective adrenal cells:
↑... ↓... |
-↑ adrenocorticopic hormone from pituitary
-↓ coritsol and aldosterone |
|
2 causes for Thyroid Hyperplasia:
|
1. abnormal stimuli
2. problem with feedback for TSH |
|
3 places hypertrophy occurs:
|
1. uterus during pregnancy
2. bladder when urine outflow is obstructed/blocked 3. heart with ↑ workload |
|
Due to ↓ demand, atrophy ↓ in
|
↓ in bulk (mass)
|
|
non-neoplastic changes STOP when _____ is
removed |
stimulus
|
|
Neoplastic changes don't respond to ____ _____
|
normal stimuli
|
|
Transformation (Woolf) -
|
refers to cells that have changed into neoplastic cells and exhibit all that behavior
|
|
Transformed cells don't show _____ ______
in cell culture |
contact inhibition
|
|
Normal cells recognize each other, communicate about _____, and _____ to each other
|
division, adhere
|
|
Neoplastic cells fail to hold back signals that would ______ ________
|
restrain/control proliferation
|
|
In neoplastic cells, what encourages them to proliferate
|
↑ growth factor expression
(ex: TNF-alpha, PDGF) |
|
Anaplasia in Neoplastic Cells -
|
lose morphology and orientation of mature cells
|
|
Cells that have most potential to divide in body are located in
|
stem cell compartment
|
|
Stem cells are not ______
|
different from each other (undifferentiated)
|
|
2 results when:
Stem cell → mitosis = |
1. stem cell (grow into a stem cell that grows to be anything)
2. daughter cell that's more committed to functional cell line like lymphocyte |
|
Transcriptional control is when:
______ → _______ |
DNA → RNA
|
|
DNA → RNA → PROTEIN
|
-DNA → RNA:
Transcriptional control -RNA: process, transport, degradation/stabilization -RNA → PROTEIN: translational control, control of proteins |
|
In transformed cells, differentiation can be _____
|
heterogenous
|
|
In transformed cells, serious lack of
differentiation results in ______ |
anaplasia
|