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123 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
blood is a type of ______ tissue
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connective
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what does the blood transport throughout the body, and what does it help maintain?
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blood transports SUBSTANCES throughout the body, it helps MAINTAIN A STABLE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT.
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what are the 4 types of blood?
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RBC, WBC, Platelets, and Plasma
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a blood hematocrit (ratio of RBC to total volume) is normally __% cells and __% plasma.
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45% and 55%
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______ is a mixture of water, amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, hormones, electrolytes, and cellular wastes
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PLASMA
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red blood cells are known as as _______
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erythrocytes
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RBC are bioconcave disks that contain one-third of _____-____ ____ by volume
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one-third hemoglobin
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when oxygen combines with hemoglobin bright red ________ results
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oxyhemoglobin
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What does hemoglobin consists of?
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two alpha and two beta polypeptide chains, and four heme groups with Fe (iron) inside heme groups.
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deoxygenated blood is darker and is known as _________
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deoxyhemoglobin
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the number of RBC is a measure of the blood's _____-______ capacity.
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oxygen-carrying
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In the embryo and fetus RBC production occurs where?
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in the yolk sac, liver, and spleen
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After birth where does RBC production occur?
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Red bone marrow
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what is the average life span of RBC?
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120 days
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the total number of RBC remains relatively constant due to _____ ______ _____
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negative feedback mechanism
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which hormone is utilized in the RBC and is released from the kidneys and liver in response to the detection of low oxygen levels.
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erythropoietin
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erythropoietin hormone stimulates what?
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red bone marrow
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enhanced erythropoiesis increases what?
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RBC count
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low oxygen levels in the blood stimulate _____ to produce erythropoietin
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kidneys
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after erythropoietin promotes erythropoiesis in red bone marrow what happens next?
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new erythrocytes enter the bloodstream: function about 120 days.
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what happens to the aged and damaged RBC?
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they are engulfed by macrophages of liver, spleen, and bone marrow; the hemoglobin is broken down.
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raw materials are made available in the blood for ______ ______
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erythrocyte synthesis
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what is hemoglobin broken down to?
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heme (iron stored as ferritin, hemosiderin) (bilirubin) and Globin (amino acids)
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____ is bound to transferrin and released to blood from liver as needed for erythropoiesis
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Iron
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_____ is picked up from the blood by liver, secreted into intesetine in bile, metabolized to stercobilin by bacteria, and excreted in feces
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Bilirubin
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______ and _____ are needed for DNA synthesis, so they are necessary for the reproduction of all body cells, especially in hematopoietic tissue
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Vtiamin B12 and Folic Acid
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____ is needed for hemoglobin synthesis
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iron
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A deficiency RBC or quantity of hemoglobin results in _____
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anemia
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_____ in the liver and spleen phagocytize damaged RBC
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Macrophages
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Heme is decomposed to _____ which is stored and recycled
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iron
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_____ and ____ in heme is what is excreted in bile
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biliverdin and bilirubin
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White Blood Cells are also known as ______
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leukocytes
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WBC main function is what?
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help defend the body against disease.
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WBC are formed from ______
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hemocytoblasts
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how do you distinguish the five types of WBC that are circulating in the blood?
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size, granular appearance of the cytoplasm, shape of the nucleus, and staining characteristics.
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What are the FIVE types of WBC?
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1. Granular Neutrophils
2. Eosinophils 3. Basophils 4. Agranular monocytes 5. Lymphocytes |
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____ is when oxygen decreases in cells
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hypoxia
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_____ is when oxygen becomes to great in the cells.
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synosis
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________ is when CO2 diffuses out of the cell membrane and hooks up with hemoglobin thru capillaries, this lowers hemoglobins affinity for oxygen
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carbaminohemoglobin
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what tells our body to produce more RBC?
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blood circulating through the KIDNEY, it reads the lack of oxygen, triggers a hormone response called erythropoietin and stimulate erythropoiesis and produces more RBC
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____when the about of Iron is increased by 10x and becomes deadly to the cells
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hemochromatosis
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what protein allows the folding of RBC?
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spectrin
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WBC production is stimulated by ______ and _____
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interleukins and colony stimulating factor
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where are WBC formed?
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Hemocytoblasts (stem cells)
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of the five types of WBC which are granular sites?
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neutrophile, basophils, and eosinophils
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of the five type of WBC which have NO GRANULES?
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a-granular monocytes, and lymphocytes
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what are the formed element(s) of blood?
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erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
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what are the liquid element(s) of blood?
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plasma
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____ have a red-staining fine cytoplasmic granules and a multi-lobed nucleus, they comprise 54%-62% of leukocytes
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Neutrophils
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______ is the chief phagocytic leukocyte (where its chews up bacteria)
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neutrophils
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______ have a coarse granules that stain deep red, a bi-lobed nucleus, and make up only 1-3% of circulating leukocytes.
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Eosinophils
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_______ in leukocytes helps destroy antigen antibody processes (wrong blood type_
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Eosinophils
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______ have fewer granules that stain blue; they account for fewer than 1% of leukocytes
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Basophils
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____ release histodine when there is damage causing inflammation in leukocytes
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Basophils
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____ is an anti-clotting agent
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Heparin
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_______ are the largest blood cells, have a variably-shaped nuclei, and make up 3-9% of circulating leukocytes
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Monocytes
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______ become macrophages in the body (leukocytes
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Monocytes
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______ are long-lived, have a large, round nucleus, and account for 25-33% of circulating leukocytes.
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lymphocytes
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_____ are the major player of immunity with a huge nucleus. leukocytes
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lymphocytes
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_____ leave blood stream go into interstitial fluid will become plasma cells. leukocytes
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lymphocytes
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____ become lymph node tissue, which mature into lymph node organs
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lymphocytes
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_____ is the passage of blood cells through the intact walls of the capillaries, typical accompanying inflammation
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diapedesis
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____ over-abundance of WBC
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leukocytsis
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____ low WBC count, included in AIDS
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leukopenia
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____ is a digestive enzyme that helps chew up
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lysosome
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Leukocytes can squeeze between cells lining walls of blood vessels by _____ and attack ___ and debris
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diapedesis; bacteria
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_____ over-growth of WBC, known as cancer of the blood
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leukemia
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__a___ and __b___ are phagocytic in WBC with ___b___ engulfing the larger particles.
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(a) neutrophils and (b) monocytes
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_____ moderate allergic reactions as well as defend against parasitic infections
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Eosinophils
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______ migarte to damaged tissues and release histamine to promote inflammation and heparin to inhibit blood clotting
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Basophils
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_____ are major players in specific immune reactions and some produce antibodies
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Lymphocytes
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a _____ WBC count can help pinpoint nature of the illness, indicating whether it is caused by bacteria or viruses.
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differential
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a differential WBC count lists the percentages of the types of _____ in a blood sample
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leukocytes
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_____ occurs after an infection when excess numbers of leukocytes are present
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leukocytosis
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all leukocytes have a life span of how many days? expect?
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1-8 days; expect lymphocytes-1year
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blood platelets are fragments of _______
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megakaryocytes
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_____ help repair damaged blood vessels by adhering to their broken edges
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platelets
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Platelet formation is controlled by ______ hormone
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thrombopoietin
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____ is the clear, straw-colored fluid portion of the blood.
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Plasma
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Plasma is mostly ___ but contains a variety of ____
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water; substances
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plasma functions to transport ___ and ____, regulate fluid and ____ balance, and maintain a favorable __.
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nutrients and gases; electrolyte balance; pH
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the ____ ____ are the most abundant dissolved substances in the plasma
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plasma protein
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plasma proteins are NOT used for ____
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energy
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what are the three groups of plasma protein?
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1. albumins
2. globulins 3. fibrinogen |
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the ____ helps maintain the osmotic pressure of the blood and account for 60% of the plasma proteins.
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albumins
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the __a__, comprising 36% of plasma proteins, are designated are alpa, beta, and gamma _a_
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globulins
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___ and ____ globulins function in transporting lipids and fat-soluble vitamins
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alpha and beta
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____ ____ are a type of antibody (in the liver and lymph node tissues)
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gamma globulins
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____ (4%) plays a primary role in blood coagulation
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Fibrinogen
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the most important blood gases are ____ and ______
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oxygen and carbon dioxide
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the plasma nutrients include what?
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amino acids, monosaccharides, nucleotides and lipids.
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What do plasma nutrient include?
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amino acids, monosaccharides, nucleotides, and lipids
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Since lipids are not soluble in the water of the plasma, they are surrounded by protein molecules for transport through the bloodstream as _______
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lipoproteins
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Lipoproteins are classified on what basis?
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their densities
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The are the types of lipoproteins?
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HDL, LDL, VLDL, and chylomicrons
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____ and ____ ____ are the byproducts of protein and nucleic acid catabolism
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Urea and uric acid
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______ nitrogenous substances generally include amino acids, urea, and uric acid
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nonprotein
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_____ _______ are absorbed by the intestine or are by-products of cellular metabolism.
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plasma electrolytes
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what do plasma electrolytes include?
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sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, and sulfate ions
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what are the plasma electrolyte ions important in maintaining?
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osmotic pressure and pH of the plasma.
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_______ refers to the stoppage of bleeding.
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Hemostasis
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Following injury to a vessel, three steps occur in hemostasis, what are they?
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1. Blood vessel spasm
2. Platelet plug formation 3. Blood coagulation |
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What happens in a Blood Vessel Spasm? And what step is this in hemostasis?
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1. Cutting a blood vessel causes the muscle in its wall to contract in a reflex, or engage in a VASOSPASM
2. This reflex lasts only a few minutes, but it lasts long enough to initiate the second and third steps of hemostasis. STEP 1 |
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What happens in Platelet Plug Formation? What step is this is hemostasis?
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1. Platelets stick to the exposed edges of damaged blood vessels, forming a net with spiny processes protruding from their membranes.
STEP 2 |
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What is a platelet plug most effective on?
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a small vessel
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What is the most effective means of hemostasis?
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blood coagulation
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what process in hemostasis is very complex and uses clotting factors?
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blood coagulation
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Damaged tissues release a chemical called tissue _______, which activates the first in a series of factors leading to the production of ______ ______
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THROMBOPLASTIN
PROTHROMBIN ACTIVATOR. |
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______ ______ converts ______ in the plasma into thrombin. This in turn, catalyzes a reaction that converts fibrinogen into ____.
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PROTHROMBIN ACTIVATOR
PROTHROMBIN FIBRIN |
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The major event in blood clot formation is the conversion of soluble _____ into net like insoluble ____ causing the blood cells to catch.
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FIBRINOGEN; FIBRIN
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The amount of prothrombin activator formed is______ to the amount of tissue damage.
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proportional
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Once a blod clot forms, it promotes still more clotting through a _____ ______ system
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positive feedback
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After a clot forms, ______ invade the area and produce _____ throughout the clots.
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fibroblasts; fibrers
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A clot forms abnormally in a vessel it is known as? if it dislodges, it is known as?
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thrombus; embolus
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Clumping of red blood cells following transfusion is called what?
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agglutination
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_______ is due to the interaction of proteins on the surfaces of RBC (antigens) with certain antibodies carried in the plasma
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agglutination
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What groups of RBC produce only a few of the antigens in transfusion reactions?
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ABO group and Rh group
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Type A blood has what antigens on RBC and what antibodies in the plasma?
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A antigens and anti-B antibodies
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Type B blood has what antigens on RBC and what antibodies in the plasma?
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B antigens and anti-A antibodies
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Type AB blood has what antigens on RBC and what antibodies in the plasma?
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has both A and B antigens, nut no antibodies in the plasma
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Type O blood has what antigens on RBC and what antibodies in the plasma?
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neither antigen, but both types of antibodies in the plasma
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______ ______reactions are avoided by preventing the mixing of blood that contains matching antigens and antibodies.
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Adverse transfusion
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Adverse reactions are due to the ______ to red blood cells
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agglutination
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