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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Describe the characteristics of living things
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-organized
-acquire materials and energy -reproduce -respond to stimuli -homeostatic -grow and develop -have capacity to adapt to the environment |
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Levels of biological organization
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1- Atom
2- Molecule 3- Cell 4- Tissue 5- Organ 6- Organ system 7- Organism 8- Population 9- Community 10- Ecosystem 11- Biosphere |
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Population
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Organisms of the same species in a particular area
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Community
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interacting populations in a particular area
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Ecosystem
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A community plus the physical environment
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Biosphere
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Regions of the Earths crust, waters, and atmosphere inhabited by living things
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Biodiversity
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Encompasses the total number of species, the variability of their genes, and the ecosystems in which they live
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Steps in conducting an experiment
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-Observation
-Hypothesis -Experiment -Conclusion |
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Control
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goes through all steps of the experiment but isnt exposed to the factor being tested
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Systematics
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the discipline of identifying and classifying organisms according to specific criteria
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3 Domains
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-Archaea= extreme environments
-Bacteria= water, soil, skin, digestive tracts -Eukarya= cells w/ nuclei (animals/humans) |
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Taxonomy
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assignment of a binomial or two-part name to each species
i.e.= humans --> Homo sapiens -in Latin |
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Classifications in order
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-Domain
-Kingdom -Phyllum -Class -Order -Family -Genus -Species |
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Theory
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More like a hypothesis with enough people to consider it a "law"
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Principle
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theory accepted by overwhelming amounts of scientists
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Organic molecules
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-always contain carbon and hydrogen
-functional group can be attached to carbon chains |
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Monomer
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simple organic molecules that exist individually
-monosaccharide= glucose, amino acids |
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Polymer
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large organic molecules form by combining monomers
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Dehydration reaction
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an -OH and -H are removed as a water molecule
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Hydrolysis
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the components of water are added
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Carbohydrates
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-function for quick fuel and short term energy storage.
-play structural role in plants, bacteria and arthropods |
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Structural carbohydrates
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cellulose
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Storage carbs
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Starch (glucose in plants)
glycogen (glucose in animals) |
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Why cant humans digest cellulose
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-the up-down linkage of oxygen atoms
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Why should we eat cellulose?
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-Healthy
-Prevents colon cancer |
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Lipids
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-contain more energy per gram than any other biological molecules while fats and oils function as energy storage molecules in organisms
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3 major lipids
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-fats (animal) and oils (plant)
-steroids (cholesterol) -phospholipids (cell membranes) |
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Saturated fat
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-no double covalent bonds b/w carbon atoms
-saturated with amount of hydrogen able to hold |
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Unsaturated
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-double bonds b/w carbon atoms wherever the number of hydrogens is less than two per carbon atom
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Trans fat
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-produced by hydrogenation or chemical addition of hydrogen to vegetable oils
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Hydrophobic part of phospholipid
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Tails
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Hydrophilic part of phos.
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Head
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Function of cholesterol
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-part of plasma membrane
-precursor to other steroids (bile salts, sex hormones) -can cause fat to line blood vessels |
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Bile emulsification
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-fat droplets dispense in water
-bile emulsifies fats in small intestine -breaks fats into smaller droplets |
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Proteins
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polymers composed of amino acid monomers
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Protein Structure
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Primary- linear sequence of amino acids
Secondary- begins to develop helix Tertiary- final stage of 3D shape Quarternary- multiple peptide chains (Hemoglobin) |
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How many amino acids exist?
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20 groups
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Functions of proteins
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-structural
-enzymes -hormones -transport molecules -antibodies |
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Peptide bond
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chain of amino acids linked together
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Denaturation
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irreversable deformation of a protein
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Alzheimers
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-Neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques
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Nucleic Acids
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-DNA
-RNA |
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Nucleotide
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phosphate, pentose sugar, nitrogen-containing base
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DNA
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-double stranded helix
-Deoxyribose -Thymine |
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RNA
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-Single helix
-Ribose -Uracil |
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Cell Theory
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-All organisms are made up of basic living units called cells and that all cells come from previous cells
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Van Leeuwenhoek
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-1st light microscope
-1st to view sperm |
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Hooke
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-1st to use the term "cell"
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Schleiden
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Plants are made of cells
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Schwann
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animal tissue is made of cells
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Virchow
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cells come from cells
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Prokaryotic
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lack of membrane-bounded nucleus
-more metabolically diverse |
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Eukaryotic
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Cell with a nucleus
Structurally complex |
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Structural components of prokaryotic cell
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-Fimbriae: hairlike
-Nucleoid: location of bacterial chromosome -Plasma membrane: sheath around cytoplasm that regulates entrance/exit -Cell wall: supports, shapes, and protects cell -Capsule: gel like coating outside of cell wall |
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Which Eukaryotes have cells with cell walls
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-plant cells
-fungi -exoskeletons of insects -Algae |
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Nucleus
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DNA and associated proteins
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Nucleolus
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where rRNA is made
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Ribosomes
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site of protein synthesis
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Smooth ER
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synthesizes phospholipids, no ribosomes
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Rough ER
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processing and modification of proteins
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Golgi apparatus
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recieves products from rough and smooth ER and distributes proteins and lipids
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Lysosomes
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membrane-bound vesicles produced by golgi
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Chloroplasts
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use solar energy to synthesize carbohydrates
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Mitochondria
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converts energy to ATP
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Centrosomes
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microtubule organizing center of cell
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Centrioles
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short cylinders of microtubules with a 9 + 0 pattern of microtuble triplets
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Cilia
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hair on outside of cells that helps transport
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Flagella
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Tail that helps movement
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Photosynthesis
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solar energy + carbon dioxide + water into ATP for plant
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Cellular Respiration
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convert chemical energy to ATP
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Tay-Sachs
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cells that surround nerve cells cant break down the lipid GM2 which accumulates inside lysosomes and affects the nervous system
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Components of Cytoskeleton
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-Actin filaments (micro): 2 actin chains twist and form helix. Found in intestinal micro vili
-Intermediate filaments: rope-like. Supports nuclear envelope, cell-to-cell junctions (hair) -Microtubules: hollow cylinders made of tubulin, maintain shape of cell and move organelles |
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Endosymbiotic Theory
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-Mitochondria and Chloroplasts are derived from prokaryotes that were taken up by a much larger cell
-Mito and Chloro are similar to bacteria in size and structure |
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Fluid
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constantly moving due to phospholipids
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Mosaic
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multiple proteins (steroids and phospho.)
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5 types of membrane proteins
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-Channel: allows molecules to cross membrane freely
-Carrier: selectively interacts w/ specific molecule/ion so it can crosss -Cell recognition: MHC identify normal cells, foreign MHC glycoproteins triggers white blood cell attacks -Receptor: shaped for specific molecule -Enzymatic: catalyzes specific reaction. ATP metabolism |
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Disease for abnormal chloride channel protein
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Cystic Fibrosis
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differentially Permeable
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certain substances can move across membrane while others cant
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concentration gradient
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movement of molecules from an area to higher/lower concentration
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Diffusion
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move molecules from higher to lower gradient without using energy ATP.
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Osmosis
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diffusion of water accross differentially permeable membrane due to concentration differences
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Facilitated Transport
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small molecules that are not lipid-soluble are assisted across membranes by carrier proteins.
-Follows concentration gradient |
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Active Transport
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Carriers transport against concentration gradient
requires ATP |
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Tonicity
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osmotic pressure/tension of a solution compared to that of a cell
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isotonic
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no gain/loss of water
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hypotonic
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cell gains water
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hypertonic
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cell loses water
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exocytosis
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vesicle fuses w/ plasma membrane as secretion occurs
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endocytosis
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cells take in substances by vesicle formation
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