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144 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Byte is = to...
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1 character
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bits is equal to...
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How many digits (binary digits)
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KB
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= Kilobyte = 1024 or 2 to the 10th power.
*1,000 bits |
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MB
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= Megabyte = 1,048,576 or 2 to the 20th power.
*1 million bits |
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GB
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= Gigabyte = 1,073,741,824 or 2 to the 30th power.
*billion bits |
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TB
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Terabyte = 1,099,511,627,776 or 2 to the 40th power
*trillion bits |
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PB
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= Petabyte = 1,125,899,906,842,624 or 2 to the 50th power.
*quadrillion bits |
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EB
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= Exabyte = 1,152,921,504,606,846,976 or 2 to the 60th power
*quintillion bits |
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ZB
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= Zettabyte = 2 to the 70th power.
*Sextillion bits |
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YB
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= Yottabyte = 2 to the 80th power.
*Septillion |
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clear AIX(UNIX)
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Clears the screen and leaves you at the AIX (Unix) prompt
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hostname AIX(UNIX)
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Displays which host in the cluster you are using
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who AIX(UNIX)
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Displays all usernames that are logged on.
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date AIX(UNIX)
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Displays the date and time.
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ls AIX(UNIX)
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Displays a list of files in your working directory.
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ls -a AIX(UNIX)
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Displays all files (hidden and other directories).
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ls -al AIX(UNIX)
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Displays the long (l) version of all files.
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du -sk AIX(UNIX)
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Displays how much disk space is being used by you in your home
directory (and sub-directories). The units are reported in KiloBytes, so 500000 = 500 MegaBytes). You should not exceed 500 MB. |
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pwd AIX(UNIX)
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Displays on the screen your working directory, for example:
/hp1urs/u/ugrad/jleonard> . pwd = print working directory. |
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cd AIX(UNIX)
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This means "Change directory". This command will always return you to your working directory.
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cd .. AIX(UNIX)
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Will move you up one level in the tree hierarchy, to the /ugrad/ directory.
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pg filename AIX(UNIX)
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Displays the contents of a file on the screen.
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pg -p "[%d]:" filename AIX(UNIX)
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Displays the file and changes the prompt (-p) at the bottom of the screen so it shows the page number in square brackets.
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more filename AIX(UNIX)
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Displays a file on the screen but half a screen's worth at a time and shows you the % of the file that
has been displayed. |
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pico AIX(UNIX)
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Loads the editor so you can create or edit (modify) text files.
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pine AIX(UNIX)
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Loads the electronic mail utility program.
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* AIX(UNIX)
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Wildcards are any string of characters. For example *.* means any filename and any extension in that directory.
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cp AIX(UNIX)
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Copy command. Can be used to copy a file from one directory to another.
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rm filename AIX(UNIX)
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Removes a file (deletes or erases it).
hostname this will return the name of the host you are logged in on. |
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mv filename newfile AIX(UNIX)
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Moves a file from one filename to another. Use this command to rename a file.
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Ctrl C AIX(UNIX)
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(Hold down the CTRL key, then while you are holding it down,
press C). This ABORTS or CANCELS commands. |
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COPYING A FILE FROM ONE DIRECTORY INTO ANOTHER (in zoo)
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From Jonathan Leonard's directory into Jane Student's directory:
jstudent@zoo> cp /rack2g/u/uvmstaff/jleonard/example.txt example.txt (or : cp ~jleonard/example.txt example.txt ) jstudent@zoo>ls -a You now should be able to see the file in your directory. jstudent@zoo>pg example.txt This should display the file on the screen. jstudent@zoo>pico example.txt This pulls the file example.txt into Unix Editor pico, so you may make changes. Use Ctrl-X to save and exit. jstudent@zoo>logout Logout when you are finished! |
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how to create a signature file
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student@zoo>pico .signature
This will put you in the editor, ready to type what you want for a signature file. Start by hitting enter once or twice and type a separator line across the top like ***********************************************************. |
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what is the equivalent of putty
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terminal (in the utilities in the applications folder)
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discrete quantitative example
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# of petals on flower
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continuous quantitative example
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height
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Bar charts
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Show #s proportions or other ratios qualitative or discrete
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Grouped bar chart
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compare two or more categories
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stacked bar chart
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picture of how a total breaks down into its parts. place bars on top of one another.
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histograms
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to show quantities and proportions, continuous variables though
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population pyramids
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illustrate variations in gender and age. two horizontal histograms
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pie charts
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alternate to bar charts. used to compare proportions
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scatterplots
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show how two variables co-vary
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line charts
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developments over time (continuous). Alternative to histograms
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area charts
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development over time. shows a whole is divided into parts
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flow charts
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flow between different states or between different regions
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boxplots
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show variations both within and between groups at the same time
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density maps
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dots symbolize whatever you want to in each state
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chloropleth maps
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different areas have different patterns to reflect differences in ratios like proportions or averages
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=SUM(B3:B5) EXEL COMMAND
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Formula to sum a column from cell b3 to b5. You may also place the box on the cell below a column of numbers and press the Sumation smarticon to insert the formula automatically
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F5 EXEL COMMAND
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Go to any cell in the spreadsheet. You may also pull down the Edit menu and choose Goto.
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HOME
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Returns the column to A
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Justify:
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Click on one of the alignment buttons on the tool bar, or, pull down Format, choose Cells, and then Alignment.
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Show Formulas:
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Hold down the Ctrl key and press ~ (tilde) Note: Formula view will not align or justify Right.
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SHARING PATH
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-pc (ex:morril hall)
-hub -network cable -data switch -fiber optic cable -zoo cluster (starts with mouse->skopi>-elk->gnu) -Machine room (ex:waterman) -hard disk array -One hard drive -->(Home directory-->email, pc backup, public html) |
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30,000 years ago
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-homosapiens
-fire -hunting with spears |
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23,000 years ago
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bow and arrow
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20,000 years ago
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SEWING: HOODS, GLOVES, FOOT MITTENS
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13,000 years ago
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North America invaded
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12,000 years ago
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ice age retreat begins
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11,000 years ago
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-sheep domesticated
-beginnings of agriculture |
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10,000 years ago
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-wheat
-goats |
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8,000 years ago
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-CATTLE IN EUROPE
-MILLET IN CHINA -PEPPERS, TOMATOS, SQUASH IN MESO AMERICA |
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7,000 years ago
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-corn in americas
-rice in asia |
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6,500 years ago
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-sumeria wheel
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5,500 years ago
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-writing
-irrigation |
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5,000 years ago
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cities
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2,000 years ago
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rome
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1,000 years ago
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vikings
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age of exploration
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-coal use
-oil |
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1790
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flag signal towers
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1845
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morse code
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1860
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FIRST TRANS-ATLANTIC TELEGRAM (CABLE FAILURE)
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1861
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APRIL-OCTOBER PONY EXPRESS (MO-CA)
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1876
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telephone
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1906
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vacuum tube
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1915
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NY-SAN FRANCISCO RADIO-LINK TELEPHONE CALL
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1927
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NY-LONDON RADIO-TELEPHONE ($75/5min)
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1947
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TRANSISTOR
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1956
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FIRST HARD DISK (5MB $50,000)
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1958
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laser
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1960
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FIRST COMM. SATELLITE
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1963
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MOUSE invented by Doug Engelbart
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1964
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moore's law
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1966
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-fiberoptic
-moonwalk |
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1970
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BEGINNING OF INTERNET 4 HOSTS
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1971
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23 hosts
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1973
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UNIX, EUROPE ON NET (LONDON, NORWAY)
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1978
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TCP/IP
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1982
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200 HOSTS
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1983
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500 hosts
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1984
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1,000 hosts
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1986
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5,000 hosts
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1987
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10,000 hosts
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1988
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60,000 hosts
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1989
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100,000 hosts
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1990
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WWW
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J.R. Licklider
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Had the idea of a computer network of shared data
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Sputnik
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-first moves to create internet
-USSR 1957 |
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The army Pentagon office of Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)
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-was granted money to start the first digital network (bob taylor)
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gamma rays
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have a wavelength of 10 to the negative 6 microns or less
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radiowaves are...
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the longest
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visible narrow spectrum
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from .4 microns (blue) to .7 microns (red)
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apple
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-first to successfully sell personal computers (then IBM)
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Gary Kildall
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-created the CP/M operating system and was unsuccessful with it for IBM
-founded Digital Research, Inc. (DRI) -saw microprocessors as fully capable computers rather than equipment controllers and to organize a company around this concept.[ |
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pixels
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pictured elements
* 8 bits of red blue and green |
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scanned images
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bitmap files (.BMP)
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ways to compress
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-runtime algorithm
-reduced color pallette |
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example of an image link
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<a href=http://www.somewhere.com><img alt="NASA Logo" src=picture.gif></a>
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email link examples
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<a href=mailto:youremail@uvm.edu>Send me e-mail</a>
<a href="http://www.uvm.edu/talk_to_us/?email=Jonathan.Leonard%40uvm.edu" id="contactus" name="contactus">Contact Jonathan Leonard</a> |
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<pre>
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preserve the format of the original text.
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example of text onto web page
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<html>
<head> <title> pre tag example </title> </head> <body> <pre> Here is where the large text file would be inserted. </pre> </html> |
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example of a table
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<table border cols=2 width="20%" bcolor="#99FF99" >
<caption>Number of Nuclear Warheads Worldwide<br> Data Source: Vital Signs 2007-2008, WorldWatch.org</caption> <tr> <td>1980</td> <td>55,246</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1990</td> <td>59,239</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2000</td> <td>32,632</td> </tr> </table> </body> |
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zoo permission number meanings
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* 0 No Permission at all
* 1 Execute Only * 2 Write Only * 3 Write and execute * 4 Read only * 5 Read and execute * 6 Read and write * 7 Read, write, and execute ***chmod = change mode |
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example of head section of webpage
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<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet1.css"> <title>CALS 85/002 Lab 8 Web Page 2</title> </head> |
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example of webpage coloring
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body {background-image: url("");
background-color: aqua} h1 {color: blue; font-family: Arial;} h2 {color: black; font-family: Arial;} h3 {color: red; font-family: Arial;} p {font-size:12pt; font-family: Arial; margin-left: 15px} a:link {color:blue} a:visited {color:cyan} a:hover {color:black} a:active {color:aqua} |
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needs to be included at the top of an html file so the browser processes the file correctly
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
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<h1>
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Largest header
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<p>
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paragraph with surrounding space
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<hr>
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horizontal rule
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<br>
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line break with no surrounding space
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<em>
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emphasized text
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center images
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<div style="text-align: center;"> Text or images </div>
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font value sizes
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xx-small, x-small, small, medium, large, x-large, xx-large
***You may also use font sizes such as 14pt, 32mm, or 2em |
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<ul> and <ol>
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unordered list and ordered list
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order of smallest to largest storage
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-3.5 hd diskette
-standard cd -dvd -hd-rom -hard disk -zoo's hard disk array -zoo's backup tape drive 4 peta bytes |
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dumb terminal
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computers that took up whole rooms of space and people shared time on them via keyboard & monitor
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larry roberts
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coordinated bid designs
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BBN (Bolt, Beranek, & Newman)
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was awarded the money to build the first digital network between mainframe computers in 1968
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Lenonard Kleinrock
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developed the theory of packet switching
***Created the first router called IMP (internet message processor) |
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LOGIN
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first message sent on the internet
***failed on G |
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how to change a signature
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Log into zoo, and then from the zoo prompt use pico to edit your .signature file.Make the change, Ctrl-X to exit.
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Compaq
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first to reverse-engineer the IBM PC
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Where was agriculture first developed?
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Iraq
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Pipelining
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The process by which a CPU can begin executing a second instruction before the first instruction is finished.
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Intergalactic Digital Research, Pacific Grove, California
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dominant PC Operating System company in the late 1970s and early 1980s when IBM was first designing the IBM PC
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cd public_html
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move you to the directory where all your web files are stored
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example of a correct link
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<A HREF=http://www.uvm.edu>UVM</A>
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Linux
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relatively new “GPL” or “copy lefted” open source license agreement that requires all useful alterations of the source code be made public
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program flowchart
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a figure that contains interconnected ovals, diamonds, and boxes that help programmers plan the development of their programs
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What does netscape not display
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bitmap files
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HTTP (letters stand for)
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Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
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URL (letters stand for)
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uniform resource locator
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HTML (letters stand for)
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Hyper Text Markup Language
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