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46 Cards in this Set
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Ductile iron pipe |
A cast iron made by adding an inoculate, usually magnesium, to provide extra strength, toughness, and durability.
Good qualities of cast iron remain; machinability and corrosion resistance.
Although it's chemical properties are the same as cast iron, ductile iron incorporates casting refinements, additional metallurgical processes and superior quality control.
Ductile iron also differs from cast iron in that it's graphite form is spheroidal or nodular instead of the flake form found in cast iron.
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Add an element Pros No cons Options Circle |
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MJ |
Mechanical joint pipe and fittings that use a rubber or neoprene gasket that uses one of 2 tightening arrangements;
Corrugated stainless steel sleeve with tightening clamps
The other one is just the tightening clamps. |
Imagine two |
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Cast iron |
It's defined as iron with a large quantity of carbon in it.
It's very brittle and NOT malleable in any temperature.
A good quality cast iron contains 3-4% and is derived from pig iron. |
Has what in it?? Weak 3+4 |
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Gray cast iron |
When this cast iron is fractured the edge has a character gray mottle indicating the presence of graphite flakes.
Most widely used of the cast irons.
>High resistance to wear >Good corrosion resistance >Poor resistance to shock (fractures easily) >Cannot be bent
Used for DWV systems and is commonly called soil pipe |
Flake
Applications |
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White Cast iron |
Carbon chemically dissolved into cast iron.
When fractured it reveals a white appearance.
Because the carbon forms a chemical bond with the iron the white iron is less brittle than gray iron and retains all the same properties.
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What's dissolved?? |
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Silicon iron |
When the chemical resistance of Gray cast iron is improved by adding small amounts of silicon to it.
It makes it much harder than gray cast but more brittle.
The carbon content is reduced to 0.85-1%
Resistant to sulphuric and nitric acids.
Expansion rate 3 times greater than GCI.
Distributed under duriron and corrosiron |
Resistance improved!!! Level up! |
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DWV cast iron soil pipe requirements |
Minimum weight of 4000lbs. Must be finished with corrosion resistance coating both inside and out. |
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Cast iron soil pipe |
Made in 3 types;
With no hub aka MJ soil pipe
With one hub end aka single hub pipe
With two hub ends aka double soul pipe |
What types are there? |
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Single hub cast iron soil pipe |
SHCISP
available in 2, 3, 4, 6" sizes and 5-10' lengths. |
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Double hub cast iron soil pipe |
DHCISP.
2, 3, 4, 6" nominal sizes and 5' lengths |
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Mechanical Joint soil pipe |
MJ soil pipe is joined by the use of mechanical joints and couplings. Available in 1 1/2, 2, 3, and 4" nominal sizes and 10' lengths |
How are they joined? Sizes? |
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Joining methods |
When joining pipe and fittings that have a hub and spigot end use these methods;
Caulked lead joints make use of lead and oakum.
Cold caulked joints use materials such as PC4 and oakum.
Compression joints make use of an insert or ring that is forced into the hub by mechanical means.
Piping and fittings that have a plain end are connected using an MJ clamp. |
Different ways to put lead together |
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Cast iron soil pipe application |
Cast iron soil pipe and fittings may be used in sanitary and storm drainage systems above and below ground and in venting systems both above and below ground. |
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Caulked joints |
Ideal for joining hub and spigot where a degree of rigidity is required. Convenient where there is slight ground movement or piping is suspended within the building.
Main disadvantage is the special tools and equipment required. It's also very time consuming.
Any H&S joint in piping that is for liquid waste the spigot end of each pipe and fitting must be arranged in the direction of the flow |
Pros and cons. Which direction? |
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Oakum and lead |
Oldest method of joining H&S cast iron pipe.
>Extremely rigid but has enough flexibility
>Very good sealing qualities. Repaired via recaulking.
>Excellent separation resistance. Temperature changes, slight ground movements, or velocity rarely affect it |
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Tools & equipment for a caulked joint |
Propane or kerosene lighter Lead pot and pouring ladle Yarning/packing iron Outside and inside caulking irons Asbestos running rope (pouring rope) Snap cutters Various hand tools |
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Preparing the lead |
Caulking lead must be 99.73% pure and is available in 10lb notched bars and 25lb strings. The first sign of overheating is the appearance of a dark purple colour on the surface of the lead. When adding lead to the pot it's important that the lead be warm and free of moisture. Cold lead or moisture on ladle when placed on hot lead can cause lead to explode |
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Cutting CISP |
Cast iron soil pipe can be cut with a cast iron soil pipe snap cutter that has sharp hardened cutting wheels or by using a hammer and cold chisel.
Use a ball peen hammer before the joint is assembled to detect if the hub and spigot is cracked.
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Aligning the joint |
When inserting the spigot end of a pipe or fitting into a hub it's important to centre and bottom the spigot. This is to prevent oakum from being forced into the pipe where it may cause a blockage when the system is out to use |
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Yarning the joint |
Use the outside iron and hammer to pound the oakum down til it's rigidly supported. Continue until oakum is 3/4 of an inch from the top of the hub.
The oakum retains molten lead, seals the joint, centers the pipe and gives the joint flexibility.
Allow 1" of space before packing the lead |
How to pack oakum? |
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Pouring the joint |
The main function of the lead is to maintain compression of the oakum and provide the joint with permanent rigidity.
The amount of lead required in a joint is 3/4 pound per inch diameter. |
Main function, how much is required. |
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Vertical joint |
It is common practice to pour vertical joints twice. First poured 1/2 depth. Pounded down a quarter inch. Second pour is also 1/2 inch. |
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Horizontal joint |
Poured only once so the oakum must be packed very firmly when the joint is yarned. This is to keep the decompression of the oakum to a minimum when lead is caulked |
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Caulking the joint |
Before hammering allow to cool for 1-2 mins.
When hot lead is poured it expands the hub. Hammering before it contracts can greatly increase cracking the hub |
Precautions |
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PC4 |
philplug cold caulking compound cord |
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Oakum and PC4 |
Same as lead but pc4 is used instead of lead. It's a rope like material. Consists of cotton rope, polypropylene fibers and Portland cement. Takes much less time because it's cold caulked. No melting or pouring and fewer tools & skill. Flexibility is limited and it's a difficult joint to disassemble |
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Mechanical joints |
2 types.
1 neoprene sleeve surrounded by stainless steel sheath. 2 screws on the side to tighten.
2 heavier specially designed neoprene sleeve. 2 stainless steel screw clamps fir into designed slots. Increased weight of the sleeve allows use with no sheath. |
What kinds are there? |
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Cast iron soil pipe 2 |
Have no pressure rating Used in DWV Coated inside and out with bitumen to up corrosion resistance Joined by compression, mechanical or caulked. |
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Kimax |
Kimax glass is used for laboratory glassware and pipes. Produced from silica and boric acid |
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Glass pipe grades |
1/2", 3/4" 1" - 100 psi 1 1/2", 2", 3" - 75 psi 4" - 50 psi |
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Glass pipe application |
Chemical Pharmacy Food Dairy Widely used for handling corrosive wastes from labs. Resistant to sulphuric, hydrofluoric, nitric and acetic acids. Concentrated Hydrofluoric acid attacks glass pipe at all temperature |
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Glass pipe advantages |
Product purity is assured Transparency shows blockages Easy disassembly Heat resistance up to 450F |
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Fiberglass pipe |
Made from glass fiber strands bonded with polyester and other resins and epoxies like furan and silicone. Handle fluids up to 250F for short duration and 200F for long duration. |
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Fiberglass application |
Chemical Oil Fertilizer Beverage Rubber |
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Fiberglass joining method |
Butt and strap - most common and least costly. Hub and spigot. Used for sewers and drains. Same and butt and strap but aligning is eliminated. Flange - pipe end and flange are cleaned. Resin and catalyst is applied to both surfaces. Flange and fitting slide on to pipe end. |
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Flashing |
Watertight sheet of material between a pipe and roof. |
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Safe |
Collector placed between a pipe to catch or prevent leakage. |
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Stub |
Short peice of lead pipe |
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Application |
Ingots or pigs of lead are melted down in pot for lead caulking joints. Such as CIBS pipe.
Sheets - being very malleable ideal for watertight seals around pipes passing through roofs. (flashing)
Pipe - connect water closets and urinals to cast iron piping systems. |
Pigs roofs and pipes of lead |
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Grades |
A pound of lead per square foot results in a sheet of lead 1/64 thick. Flashings are 5lb lead so 5/64 Pipe is 8lb so 8/64 or 1/8 |
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Bituminized pipe |
Was used for weeping tile, sewer lines, and in private disposal systems. |
Where was it used |
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Bituminized fiber pipe |
BFP. Made of coal tar pitch and reinforced with cellose fibers. Composed of 75% coal and 25% cellulose fibers. |
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Vitrified clay pipe |
Only certain types of clay can be used
Shaped under pressure, dried, and heated in kilns.
Useful in sewers and drains.
Only pipe that requires no special coatings.
Carry every known chemical in any state without harm. Except hydrofluoric acid.
Glazed in ceramic to never lose smoothness for life
3-5+ foot lengths |
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Aluminum pipe |
Fraction of the weight of cast iron. Uses same MJ clamps as cast iron. 2" to 4" in size and lengths of 12' Manufactured from skelp. |
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Jointing method for historical pipe |
Lead - lead burning, lead wiping, soldering, flaring. BFP - bell and spigot ends joined via bitumen seal Aluminum pipe - MJ clamps. Clay pipe - had hub and spigot ends uses cement joints, bituminious joints, plastic joints, and mechanical joints. |
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What's oakum? |
Plumbers oakum consists of jute fibers and pine tar/creosote. It must be packed sufficiently into the joint to provide a watertight seal. |
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