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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
autonomic nervous system (ANS) |
the system of motor neurons that innervates smooth and cardiac muscle and glands |
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1. preganglionic neuron 2. preganglionic axon 3. postganglionic neuron 4. postganglionic axon |
4 parts of the two-neuron chain of the ANS system |
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preganglionic neurons |
ANS neurons located in the brain; have thin, lightly myelinated fibers |
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postganglionic neurons |
ANS neurons outside the CNS; have very thin and nonmyelinated nerve fibers |
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1. parasympathetic 2. sympathetic |
2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system |
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dual innervation |
the two ANS subdivisions counterbalance each other to keep body systems running smoothly; one division stimulates, the other inhibits |
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parasympathetic division |
ANS division that promotes maintenance functions and conserves body energy; "rest and digest" |
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craniosacral |
parasympathetic fibers originate in the brain and sacral spinal cord, and are called... |
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terminal ganglia |
parasympathetic postganglionic neuron groups located close to their target organs; location of pre- and post-ganglionic synapse |
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1. oculomotor 2. facial 3. glossopharyngeal 4. vagus |
4 main parasympathetic nerves of the cranium |
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vagus nerves (X) |
nerves accounting for about 90% of all parasympathetic nerve fibers; provide fibers to the neck and nerve plexuses |
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1. increased digestion 2. increased salivation 3. increased lacrimation 4. slowed heart rate 5. slowed respiration 6. pupils constrict |
6 functions of the cranial parasympathetic nerves (and acetylcholine) |
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1. increased digestion 2. increased defecation 3. increased urination |
3 functions of the sacral parasympathetic nerves (and acetylcholine) |
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sympathetic division |
ANS division that mobilizes the body during activity; "fight or flight" |
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thoracolumbar |
sympathetic fibers originate in spinal cord segments T1 through L2, and are called... |
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lateral horns |
the area of spinal cord gray matter consisting of preganglionic sympathetic neurons |
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sympathetic chains |
ganglia running along each side of the vertebral column; where the sympathetic pre- and post-ganglionic neurons synapse |
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white ramus communicantes |
bundles of preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers entering the sympathetic chain |
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gray ramus communicantes |
branches of postganglionic sympathetic axons exiting the sympathetic chain and entering the ventral ramus that takes them to their effector |
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1. decreased digestion 2. decreased salivation 3. decreased lacrimation 4. increased heart rate 5. increased respiration 6. pupils dilate 7. increased blood pressure |
7 functions of the sympathetic nervous system (and norepinephrine) |
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adrenal medulla |
secrets epinephrine and norepinephrine into the blood stream as hormones; acts like a postganglionic neuron |
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visceral sensory neurons |
unique, sensory neurons of the ANS; send information concerning chemical changes, stretch, and irritation of the viscera |
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1. acetylcholine (parasympathetic) 2. norepinephrine (sympathetic) |
2 neurotransmitters of the autonomic nervous system |
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acetylcholine (ACh) |
parasympathetic neurotransmitter |
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cholinergic fibers |
fibers that release acetylcholine (ACh); all preganglionic axons, and parasympathetic postganglionic axons |
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cholinergic receptors |
ACh-binding receptors |
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1. nicotinic 2. muscarinic |
2 types of cholinergic receptors (ACh-binding) |
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nicotinic receptors |
cholinergic receptors that are always stimulatory; most found at postganglionic neurons, and in the adrenal medulla |
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muscarinic receptors |
cholinergic receptors found on all parasympathetic target organs; can be inhibitory or stimulatory |
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norepinephrine |
sympathetic neurotransmitter |
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adrenergic fibers |
fibers that release norepinephrine (NE); only sympathetic postganglionic axons |
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adrenergic receptors |
norepinephrine-binding receptors |
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1. alpha (1-2) 2. beta (1-3) |
2 major classes of adrenergic receptors |
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alpha 1 |
adrenergic receptors that increase heart rate and stimulate the kidneys |
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alpha 2 |
adrenergic receptors that dilate blood vessels and bronchioles |
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beta 1 |
adrenergic receptors that stimulate lipolysis (breakdown of lipids) |
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beta 2 |
adrenergic receptors that constricts blood vessels and dilates pupils |
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beta 3 |
adrenergic receptors that inhibit NE release and inhibit insulin secretion (in the pancreas) |
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atropine |
anticholinergic (anti-parasympathetic) drug that blocks muscarinic ACh receptors; dries the mouth and respiratory system |
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1. vasomotor tone 2. thermoregulation 3. metabolic effects |
3 unique roles of the sympathetic division |
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vasomotor tone |
sympathetic fibers keep the blood vessels in a continual state of partial constriction |
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vasoconstriction |
the blood vessels constrict so that the body retains heat; response to cold |
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vasodilation |
the blood vessels dilate so that the body will cool off (sweat); response to heat |
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1. metabolic rate of body cells 2. blood glucose levels 3. fat for use as fuels |
3 metabolic effects promoted by the sympathetic division |
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1. cerebral cortex 2. hypothalamus 3. brain stem 4. spinal cord |
4 CNS centers that regulate ANS activity |
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hypothalamus |
overall integration center of the ANS; relays information to the reticular formation (medulla oblongata) |
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reticular formation |
exerts the most direct influence over ANS functions; medulla oblongata centers regulate heart rate and blood vessel diameter |
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cerebral cortex |
has subconscious control over ANS functions |
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biofeedback |
a way of becoming aware of physiological conditions, with the goal of being able to influence them |
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hypertension |
high blood pressure resulting from an overactive sympathetic nervous system (continuous levels of high stress) |
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1. constipation 2. dry eyes 3. orthostatic hypotension |
3 effects of aging on the ANS |
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constipation |
decreased GI tract motility due to reduced parasympathetic activity |
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orthostatic hypotension |
low blood pressure following changes in position, caused by less responsive sympathetic control of blood pressure |
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