Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Trauma |
Interfere w body functions or homeostasis of body. Open trauma, assault, thermal, psychological. Physical trauma leading cause of death in us from age 1-44. |
|
Open Trauma |
Abrasions, Avulsions, Crushing, Puncture, Lacerations |
|
Abrasions |
Outer layers of skin scraped away or roughened up, deeper layers exposed. |
|
Abrasions Signs and Symptoms |
Raw, reddened, painful, small amount of bleeding. Exposure of sensitive nerve endings cause burning. May be embedded w small foreign particles. |
|
Abrasions Etiology |
Caused by friction, scraping or sliding motion (fall or scrape). Friction, floor, or rug burns, road rash. |
|
Abrasions Treatment |
Gentle washing and irrigation of area w germicidal soap to remove bacteria and contamination. Gravel and foreign particles removed w forceps. Germicidal ointment, dressing optional depends on size and location. Prophylaxis w tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis (Tdap) injection if necessary. Prognosis good. |
|
Avulsion |
Portion of the skin and possibly underlying tissue torn away (completely or partially) |
|
Avulsion Signs and Symptoms |
Can involve a limb, appendage, soft tissue. Severe pain, bleeding. Larger avulsed serious, may require split thickness grafting. |
|
Degloving |
Severe avulsion, full thickness of skin peeled away from body such as hand or foot. |
|
Avulsion Etiology |
Body part becomes entangled in machinery, clothing, or other entrapment causing skin, tissue, possibly bone to be pulled away from body. If appendage severed completely called amputation. |
|
Avulsion Treatment |
Control bleeding, clean area, surgically repair tissue. If amputation stump cleaned and surgically repaired. Treat prophylactically w antibiotics. Sterile dressing. Tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis (Tdap) injection if necessary. Pain meds if necessary. Prompt intervention promote healing. |
|
Crushing Injuries |
Part of body is compressed w extreme force bt 2 surfaces. Experience pain, may not be able to move body part, soft tissue, bone, nerve, and vessels may be crushed. |
|
Crushing Injuries Treatment |
Depends on severity. If open wound; cleansed, irrigated, débrided. Immobilization, sterile dressing if open or surgical area. Tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis (Tdap) if necessary. Antibiotics. If at work, workers comp filled w mandatory drug and alcohol screening. |
|
Puncture Wounds |
Pointed or sharp foreign object penetrates soft tissue. Animal bites may be considered puncture wounds. |
|
Puncture Wounds Signs and Symptoms |
Pain, little bleeding, redness, may be no indication besides pain. Meticulous inspection of area and underlying structures should be preformed. Impaled object if foreign object if protruding from wound. |
|
Puncture Wounds Etiology |
Object penetrates skin, skin closes around object or point of entry. Bleeding minimal, or will occur when object removed. If near joint at risk for bacterial infection, and wounds at bottom of foot at risk for cellulitis. Use MRI to inspect under skin. |
|
Puncture Wounds Treatment |
Remove foreign body, copious irrigation w sterile fluid, dressing applied, tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis (Tdap) if necessary. Antibiotics. Impaled objects stabilized until they can be removed by physician. |
|
Lacerations |
Sharp object cuts skin and possibly underlying tissue. Pain, moderate to severe bleeding, edges may be smooth or jagged. Bleeding proportional to depth and length of laceration. |
|
Lacerations Treatment |
Cleaned gently w germicidal soap and water. If not too deep and bleeding controlled approximate and secure edges w tape, butterfly dressing, or sterile strip, glue. If deep and jagged edges débrided edges trimmed to facilitate approximation. Bleeding controlled by coagulation or suture. If over movable joint immobilization required. Tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis (Tdap) and antibiotics if necessary. |
|
Foreign Bodies in Ear |
Bugs, pebbles, cotton, etc. stuffiness in ear, pain, decreased hearing. May use CT to visualize item. Removed ASAP wo damage to ear canal or tympanic membrane. Use forceps, or removed by physician using controlled suctioning. Bugs removed by placing in dark and pointing flashlight. Bug moves towards light. If dead must be irrigated out w 50/50 h20 and h2o2 or suction. |
|
Foreign Bodies in Eye |
Scratching or irritation in eye, pain, compromised or blurred vision, tearing present. Remove material, gentle irrigation w saline. If embedded remove w surgical instrument or eye spud. Last resort ophthalmologist. Ophthalmic antibacterial drops or ointment and eye covered w patch. Bandage both eyes bc sympathetic movement. Mental can lead to rust rings. |
|
Foreign Bodies in Nose |
Mostly children. Mucus running from one of the nares and congested breathing. Dry material tends to absorb moisture swell and create obstruction. Encouraged to blow nose to expel object, squeeze nose to crush object then blow. May need forceps for removal. |
|
Burns |
Heat (flame,dry, steam, hot substance), chemical, electrical, radiation. Pain (proportional to percentage of body involved). May be blistered, reddened, charred depending on depth. Injury to underlying tissue proportional to duration of exposure and intensity of source. |
|
Burns Diagnosis |
Superficial involve outer layer usually appear reddened painful. Partial thickness burns involve all layers of skin produce blisters painful. Full thickness involve skin and underlying subcutaneous tissue. Destruction of nerve endings result in minimal pain, but surrounding area painful. Rule of 9’s for calculation of body surface involved. |
|
Burns Treatment |
Heat burns cooled w cool water and covered w sterile dressing. Sunburns apply cool water, damaged skin sprayed w antiseptic and analgesics spray. OTC meds, cool compress. Chemical burns flushed w cool water for 15+ minutes and covered. Electrical should be covered and treated by Physician. Large burns have respiratory status, fluid and electrolyte balance, and vital signs monitored. Pain control w narcotic analgesic. Skin grafts. Scarring typical. |
|
Electrical Shock |
Contact w electricity. May be in cardiac or respiratory failure. Visible entrance and exit wound. Pain, charred tissue may be noted. Electric current follows path of least resistance usually along nerve. May be thrown from source causing lacerations, fracture, head trauma. Can cause cardiac dysrhythmia. |
|
Electrical Shock Treatment |
Maintain cardiac and respiratory status. Neurological and vascular status assessed for tissue destruction. |
|
Lightning Injuries |
Clothing burned off, could cause cardiac arrest, burns in moisture areas (axillae, groin) or where metal touching. Motor and sensory disturbances, alter consciousness, hearing or visual difficulties. |
|
Lightning Injuries Etiology |
Direct strike, contact strike (strikes object person was touching), side flash (lightning strikes, travels then jumps through air and strikes person), stride potential (current enters leg travels through lower portion exits other leg), ground current (hits ground travels to person). Tends to travel through surface sparing deep tissue. |
|
Lightning Injuries Treatment |
Maintain respiratory, cardiac monitoring, observation for cerebral edema. May develop cataracts in the year after strike. Could rupture tympanic membrane. |
|
Extreme Heat (Hyperthermia) |
Body temp higher than 98.6 F. |
|
Heat Stroke |
Temp 105 F or greater. Skin hot red dry, dry mouth, headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, weakness, shortness of breath. Rapid pulse then weakens, BP decreases, pupils constrict, collapse, seizures, anxiety, alter consciousness. |
|
Heat Exhaustion |
Profuse sweating, fatigue, headache, weakness, nausea, dizziness, muscle cramps, skin pale, cool, moist, pupils dilate. |
|
Extreme Heat (Hyperthermia) Etiology |
Heat stroke: body overheats 105-110. No effective cooling mechanism takes place, damage to brain cells. Heat Exhaustion: salt or water depletion, strenuous activity, prolonged profuse sweating mimics mild state of shock. |
|
Extreme Heat (Hyperthermia) Treatment |
Stroke: Life threatening. Move to cool environment, cool w water. If shiver slow cooling. Bring core temp below 100 F. Exhaustion: move to cool place, cool compress, lie down feet elevated. If conscious 4 ounces of cool water ever 10-15 mins. Bair huggers used in ER to cool. |
|
Extreme Cold (Hypothermia) |
Body drops below 95 F (35 C). Fatigue, loss of coordination, thick speech, disorientation, skin blue puffy, ash colored, pulse slow weak. Breathing slow shallow, pupils dilated. Confusion, stupor, unconscious. |
|
Extreme Cold (Hypothermia) Treatment |
Life threatening. Remove wet clothing, gradual rewarming, warm liquids in small quantities if conscious. |
|
Frostbite |
Frozen or extremely cold tissue (face, ears, toes, fingers, nose) white, ashen. Little to no pain. Usually don’t realize it happened. As freezing deepens tissue becomes firm, skin looks waxy. |
|
Frostbite Etiology/Treatment |
Ice crystals form bt cells of skin. Fluid drawn from cells freezes. Warm, should not be above 105F. Affected skin should never be rubbed. Rewarming should be done by professional, alcohol should never be given. Dehydration may occur give iv. |
|
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever/Tick Bite |
Most common reported rickettsial disease in US. Usually unaware. Symptoms several days or 2 weeks later. Sudden fever, headache, malaise, macopapular rash over body. Give antibiotics (tetracycline or doxycycline) lifetime immunity |
|
Malaria/Mosquito Bite |
Anopheles mosquito infected w Plasmodium Protozoa (4 species). Feed on hemoglobin reproduce in RBCs. Usually tropical and subtropical areas. Chills, fever, sweat, headache, nausea, fatigue. Last 1-4 weeks. Enlarged liver and spleen, anemia. Recur may be persistent for yrs. Treat w chloroquine. Antipyretic. |
|
Snakebites |
Noticeable bite, slight discoloration, burning pain, swelling, rapid pulse, weakness, visual difficulties, nausea, vomiting. May take 30 mins to several hours. Rattle(most bites), copperhead, water moccasin, Coral snakes extremely poisonous. Usually 1-2 days to develop unless allergic |
|
Snakebites Treatment |
Immobilize, keep below heart. Remove constricting jewelry. Antivenin. Cold should not be applied, would should not be cut, tourniquets not applied, nor electric shock. Treat within 30 mins. |
|
Carpal Tunnel |
Entrapment and compression of median nerve in carpal tunnel cause pain, numbness, in wrist, hands, fingers (fluttering), swelling, shake wrist to relieve pain. |
|
Carpal Tunnel Etiology |
Tendons w/in tunnel become inflamed from overuse resulting in pinching of median nerve. Any condition that exerts pressure on median nerve can cause carpal tunnel. 2 tests: median nerve percussion test and Phalen wrist flexor test. |
|
Carpal Tunnel Treatment |
PT, anti inflammatory, oral corticosteroids or injections, surgery last resort. |
|
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (Brachial Plexus Injury) |
Compression of brachial plexus nerve. Numbness in fingers. Continuously drop items. Hyperabduction of arm |
|
Child Abuse/Neglect |
Physical, psychological, sexual (complain discomfort in genital region), neglect. Usually discovered by teachers, daycare, healthcare. Child withdrawn, avoid eye contact, does not respond approximately to painful stimuli. Child denies abuse, or acts aggressive |
|
Child Abuse/Neglect Etiology |
Emotional immaturity, stress (economic, social, employment difficulties), poor parenting, drug or alcohol, history of abuser being abused, unrealistic expectations, limitations physically or mentally of challenged kid. |
|
Shaken Infant (Baby) Syndrome |
Altered level of consciousness to complete loss. Irritability, changes in skin color (pale, cyanosis), vomiting, lethargy, convulsions. Fractured or dislocated bones, neck or spinal injury, retinal hemorrhage. |
|
Shaken Infant (Baby) Syndrome Diagnosis |
3 Symptoms not all 3 need to be present. Subdural hematoma, cerebral edema, retinal hemorrhage. Injuries to brain are non reversible or even fatal. |
|
Elder Abuse/Neglect |
Physical, self, verbal, psychological, abandonment, personal rights, financial. Rare for them to complain |
|
Psychological or Verbal Abuse |
Diminishment of self worth or self esteem. No complaints. Transcends age groups. Children frequent victims. Lead to anorexia, bulimia, obesity, alcoholism, self mutilation, drugs, depression, suicide. Often unable to bond. |
|
Psychological or Verbal Abuse |
Etiology unknown, takes place over time, best treatment is prevention. |
|
Intimate Partner Violence |
Most frequent in females. Bruising, avoid eye contact. Could be cultural or societal values. Victimization. Seek counseling. Listening is upmost importance, inappropriate to impose opinion. |
|
Sexual Abuse |
Any form of non consensual sexual contact or activity. Either gender any age. Children often have unusual obsession w genital area and exhibit aggressive behavior. |
|
Sexual Abuse Etiology |
Domination, control, power issues. Often sexually abused as children, sociopathic approach. Remove victim from environment, physical exam w/in 72 hrs. Medical and forensic exam. Law enforcement notified w victims consent or local and state policy. CPS notified if child. Social services involved to remove child. |
|
Rape/Sexual Asult |
Intercourse against will. Bruising, torn clothing, disheveled, withdrawn, avoid eye contact. Crime of domination. Gather samples, urinalysis, blood, AIDS, possible pregnancy, STDs. Sexual assault response team for medical and legal exam. Law enforcement must be notified. |