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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Central nervous system (CNS)
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contain the brain and spinal cord
(occupy a midline or central location in the body) |
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Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
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the term peripheral is appropriate because the nerves extend to the outlying or peripheral parts of the body.
Contains Cranial Nerves Spinal Nerves Autonomic Motor nerves Somatic Motor Nerves Sensory nerves |
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Myelin
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white fatty substance formed by Schwan cells (look like sausages) that wrap around some axons outside the central nervous system
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Interneurons
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conduct impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons.
central or connecting neurons |
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Nodes of Ranvier
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indentations between the Schwan cells (between the links)
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Neurolemma
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outer covering of Schwan cell, this helps regeneration of cut and injured axons. The brain and S.C. don’t have neurolemma so they can’t regenerate as well
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Glial Cells (or neuroglia):
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specialized "support" cells (glia Gr.
meaning glue) hold neurons together and protect them. |
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Glioma
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the most common type of brain tumor.
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Astrocyte
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Look like stars, these are the largest Glial cells. threadlike branches connect neurons w/ small blood vessels and the Blood Brain Barrier
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Microglia
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Smaller, usually stable but in damaged tissue they use phagocytosis to digest microbes
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Oligodendrites
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Hold nerve fibers together and also produce a myelin sheath in brain and spinal cord. (recall, Schwan
cells are also myelin but are only in PNS |
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Sensory Receptors
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Send sensory information to the
spinal cord |
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Interneurons
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within the spinal cord. Integrate the
information |
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REFLEXES
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rapid, predictable motor responses
to a stimulus. They are unlearned, unpremeditated and involuntary. |
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The Reflex Arc
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the nerve path of the reflex
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Motor Neurons
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send instructions to a skeletal muscle
which will then cause the response to the stimulus |
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Each resting neuron has a slight + charge on the outside due to
excess sodium ions (Na+) and a A slight - charge on the inside. When stimulated Na+ channels suddenly open and Na+ rushes inward so the inside temporarlily becomes positive and outside becomes negative. This section immediately recovers but the electrical distubance stimulates Na+ channels in the next section. This is the nerve inpulse (like a lit fuse). If this impulse Encounters myelin it jumps around myelin (saltatory conduction). Impulse is then much faster in myelinated fibers. |
Nerve Impulses
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Pons
CNS Brainstem |
influences respiration
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Medulla oblongata
CNS Brainstem |
contains centers for vital functions (breathing, heartbeat, vasoconstriction). Also coordinates swallowing and other automatic reactions
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acetylcholine
norepinepherin dopamine Serotonin endorphins |
Neurotransmitters
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Midbrain
CNS Brainstem |
relay station between the cerebrum and spinal cord or cerebellum. Ascending or descending tracts cross in this area
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THE SPINAL CORD Sensory tracts
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conduct impulses to the brain
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This is the largest part of the human brain (makes up about 83% of brain weight)
It contains 2 Hemispheres that are divided into lobes This is your higher, conscious brain |
Cerebrum
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This is the second largest part of the human brain (makes up about 11% of brain weight)
It helps control muscle contractions to produce coordinated movements so that we can maintain balance, move smoothly, and sustain normal posture A thin layer of gray matter on outside area (cortex) covers the white matter |
Cerebellum
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Functions of the Cerebrum
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mental processes of all types, including sensations, consciousness, memory, and voluntary control of movements
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Mixed nerves
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have both types of fibers afferent and efferent
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How many pairs of spinal nerves are in a human?
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31
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How many pairs of cranial nerves are in a human?
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12
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ANS
Autonomic Nervous System |
motor neurons that conduct impulses from the central nervous system to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands. It serves to regulate the body’s autonomic or involuntary functions to maintain or quickly restore homeostasis
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Dermatome
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is an area of skin associated with a pair of dorsal roots from the spine
A localized area of skin that is has its sensation via a single nerve from a single nerve root of the spinal cord |
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Sympathetic ganglia
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are in front of and on each side of the spinal column. It is the emergency or stress system, controlling visceral effectors
during strenuous exercise and strong emotions (anger, fear, hate, or anxiety). This is called the fight-or-flight response. |
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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
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consists of structures that regulate the body's automatic or involuntary functions
ex.. heart rate, contractions of the stomach and intestines, secretion of chemical compounds by glands |
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What are the 2 types of cells found in the nervous system?
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neurons and glia
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What are the bundles of axons in the CNS?
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tracts
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Tracts
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are myelinated and thus form the white matter around of the brain and cord
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What are the unmyelinated axons and dendrites called?
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gray matter
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What is the tough fibrous sheath that covers the whole nerve?
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Epineurium
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What is the thin wrapping of fibrous connective tissue around the axon in a nerve?
Groups of the wrapped axons are called fascicles |
Endoneurium
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Receptors
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are the beginnings of dendrites of sensory neurons
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Ganglion
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a group of nerve cell bodies located in the PNS
Located near the spinal cord. |
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Synapse
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The place where impulses are transmitted from one neuron to another
This is an important part of the nerve conduction process |
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When a section of a membrane covered with insulating myelin jumps around the myelin it is called ______.
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Saltatory Conduction
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Each _______ contains very small sacs and vesicles.
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Synaptic Knob
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Each vesicle in the synaptic knob contain a very small quantity of chemical compound called _______.
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Neurotransmitters
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______ are chemicals in which neurons communicate.
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Neurotransmitters
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______ and ______ are morphinelike neurotransmitters that are described as natural pain killers.
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Endorphins and enkephalins
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________, _________, and __________ are neurotransmitters that play a role in sleep, motor functions, mood, and pleasure recognition.
They are also called catechlomines. |
dopamine
Serotonin norepinepherin |
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The _____ is located in between the midbrain below and the cerebrum.
It consist of the hypothalamus and the thalamus. |
Diencephalon
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_________ is the most important part of the brain and it is tiny in size
It controls the heartbeat. |
Hypothalamus
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Midbrain
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relay station between the brain and the spinal cord.
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Thalamus
(Dumbbell- shaped) |
- helps produce sensations
--associates sensation with emotions (pleasantness or unpleasantness) --play a part in arousal or alerting mechanism |
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The grooves in the cerebrum are called____.
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Sulci
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Precise muscle control is found in the _______.
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Primary Motor area of the Cerebrum
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Sensory speech area is found in the
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Wernicke's area of the cerebrum
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The area of conscious thought is in the
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prefrontal association of the cerebrum
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The premotor area in the cerebrum controls______.
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muscle coordination
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Paralysis
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loss of the ability to make voluntary movement
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pia mater
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innermost membrane covering the spinal cord
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_____ _______ is the tough outer layer that lines the vertebral canal.
Encases the brain and spinal cord |
dura mater
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________ is water on the brain
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hydrocephalus
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