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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Anatomy
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"a cutting open" is the study of internal and external structures of the body and the physical relationships among body parts.
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Physiology
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Study of how living organisms perform their vital functions. All physiological functions are performed by specfic structures.
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Cell physiology
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study of the function of cells, is the cornerstone of human physiology.
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Special physiology
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study of the physiology of specific organs
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Systemic physiology
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includes all aspects of the functioning or specfic organ systems.
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Pathological physiology
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study of the effects of diseases on organ or system functions.
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Gross anatomy/macroscopic anatomy
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involves the examination of relatively large structures and features usually visible with the unaided eye.
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Regional anatomy
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focuses on the anatomical organization of specific areas of the body, such as the head,neck,or trunk.
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Systemic anatomy
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study of the structure of organ system which are groups of organs that function together in a coordinated manner
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Organ systems
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are groups of organs that function together in a coordinated manner
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Developmental antomy
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describes the changes in form that occur between conception and physical maturity.
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embryology
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study of structural changes during the first two months of development
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Microscopic Anatomy
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deals with structures that cannot be seen without magnification
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Cytology
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analysis of the internal structure of indivdual cells
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Cells
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smallest living units in the human body
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Histology
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Study/examination of tissues
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Tissues
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groups of specialized cells and cell product that work together to perform specific functions
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Organs
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Tissues combine to form organs
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Human Physiology
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study of the functions of the human body
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Organ system
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The human body is made up of several organ systems that work together as one unit. There are ten major organ systems of the body. Some of these systems include the:
circulatory system digestive system nervous system reproductive system |
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Homeostasis
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existence of a stable internal environment. To survive, every organism must maintain homeostasis. Homeostasis is absolutely vital to an organism; failure to maintain homeostasis soon leads to illness or even death
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Autoregulation (intrinsic regulation)
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occurs when a cell, a tissue, and organ, or and organ system adjusts its activities automatically in response to some environmental change.
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Extrinsic regulation
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results from the activities of the nervous system or endrocrine system, two organ systems that control or adjust the activities of many other systems simultaneously.
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Receptor
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a sensor that is sensitive to a particular environmental change, or stimulus
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Control Center (Integration center)
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receives and processes the information supplied by the receptor and which sends out commands
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Effector
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cell or organ that responds to the commands of the control center and whose activity either opposes or enhances stimulus.
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Negative feedback
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corrective mechanism involving an action that directly opposes a variation from normal limits.
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Positive feedback
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iniitial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates or enhances the change in the original conditions, rather than opposing it.
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Disease
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A malfunction of organs or organ system resulting from a failure of homeostatic regulation.
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State of equilibrium
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exists when opposing processes forces are in balance.
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Anatomical position
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When the body is in this position the hands are at the sides with the palms facing forward and the feet are together.
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supine
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person lying down in the anatomical position (face up)
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prone
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person lying down in the anatomical position (face down)
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Abdominopelvic quadrants
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One of four divisions of the anterior abdominal surface.
Right Upper Quadrant; Right Lower Quadrant; Left Upper Quadrant; Left Lower Quadrant |
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Abdominopelvic Regions
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One of nine divisions of the anterior abdominal surface.
First Row/ Right Hypochondria region Epigastric region, Left Hypochondriac region; Second Row/ Right lumbar region,Umbilical region, Left lumbar region; Third Row/ Right Inguinal Region, Hypogastric,Left inguinal region |
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Sectional planes
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Any slice through a three-dimensional object
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transverse plane
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dividing body into superior and inferior portions
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CT, CAT(computerized axial tomography)
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An imaging technique that uses Xrays to reconstruct the body's three-dimensional structure.
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DSA (digital subtraction angiography)
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A technique used to monitor blood flow through specific organs, such as the brain, heart, lungs, or kidneys. Xrays are taken before and after a radiopaque dye is administered,and a computer"subtracts" details common to both images. The result is a high contrast image showing the distribution of the dye
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MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
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An imaging technique that employs a magnetic field and radio waves to portray subtle structural differences
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PET scan(positron emission tomography)
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An imaging technique that shows the chemical functioning, as well as the structure of an organ
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radiologist
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A physician who specializes in performing and analyzing radiological procedures
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spiral- CT
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A method of processing computerized tomography data to provide rapid, three-dimensional images of internal organs
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ultrasound
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An imaging technique that uses brief bursts of high-frequency sound waves reflected by internal structures.
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X-ray
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High-energy radiation that can penetrate living tissues
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Pericardial cavity
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small chamber that surrounds the heart
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Surface anatomy
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study of general form and superficial markings
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Clinical Anatomy
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includes a number of subspecialties important in clinical practice
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Medical Anatomy
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Anatomical features that change during illness
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Radiographic anatomy
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anatomical structures seen using specific imaging techniques
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Surgical anatomy
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anatomical landmarks important in surgery
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Anterior
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Ventral - belly front of the body
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Body cavities
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Vital organs suspended in internal chambers (protect and permit change)
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Ventral body cavity (coelom)
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appears early in embryological development
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diaphragm
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flat muscular sheet divides ventral body into a superior thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity
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viscera
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a delicate layer called serous membrane lines walls of these internal cavities and covers surfaces of enclosed viscera
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pleural cavities
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thoracic cavity is subdivided into left and right that contain lungs
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mediastinum
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central tissue that divides thoracic cavity into two pleural cavities
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pelvic cavity
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inferior subdivision of the abdominopelvic cavity
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frontal plane (coronal plane)
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Parallel to the long axis of the body. Frontal plane extends side to side, dividing body into anterior and inferior portions
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parasagittal section
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cut parallel to mid-sagittal line
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midsagittal section (median section)
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cut that passes along the midline and divides the body into left and right halves
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sagittal plane
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extends from front to back dividing body into left and right portions
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11 Organ systems
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Integumentary
Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive Systems |
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Important concept of function
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All specific functions are performed by specific structures
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Abdominal cavity
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abdominalopelvic cavity extends from the diaphragm to the pelvis. It is sub-divided into a superior abdominal cavity.
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