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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
How does an infection occur?
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For infection occur, six components are necessary:
infectious agent reservoir portal of exit - escape route means of transmission - route portal of entry - entry point susceptible host |
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What are the factors for contracting an infection?
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1. Innoculation (number) of pathogen
2. virulence of pathogen 3. susceptibility of host 4. length contact between host and pathogen |
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What are reservoirs for pathogens?
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the natural habitat
ie soil animals, humans (may be symptomatic or asymptomatic) |
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This pathogen is responsible for most UTI's. Does it always cause infection?
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E. Coli - opportunistic infection in urinary tract. Part of normal flora in intestinal tract.
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When is a person most infectious?
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Prodromal stage of infection.
starts at onset of nonspecific signs and symptoms (fever, malaise) until specific signs and symptoms |
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What are the stages of infection?
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1. incubation period - before any symptoms
2. prodromal stage - nonspecific signs and symptoms (most infectious stage) 3. illness - specific signs and symptoms 4. convalescence - recovery period - signs & symp disappear |
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How can you diagnose infection with laboratory data?
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1. elevated leukocyte counts - normal value is 5,000 to 10000/ cub mm
2. elevated erythrocyte sedimtation rate - RBC settle more rapidly in presence of inflammation 3. presence of pathogen in blood, urine, sputum |
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The lab reports a neutrophil differential of 70%. What is the patient suffering from?
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70% is not indicative of disease.
Normal neutrophil is 60-70% of white blood cell differential. Above normal indicates acute infection or stress. |
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What are the normal leukocyte differntials.
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60-70% = neutrophil
20-40% = lymphocyte 2-8% = monocytes 1-4% = eosinophil 0.5-1% = basophil |
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high differentials indicate
1. neutrophil 2. lymphocyte 3. monocyte 4. eosinophil 5. basophil |
1. acute infection (inflammation) or stress
2. chronic infections - bact or viral 3. severe infections (chronic also?) 4. allergies or parasite 5. unaffected by infections |
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How do you prevent or break the chain of infection?
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aseptic technique
- medical asepsis - clean technique - surgical asepsis - sterile technique |
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insertion of a UT catheter more directly involves which aseptic technique?
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surgical asepsis - sterile (free from any microorganism)
medical aspesis, otoh, reduces number and transfer of pathogen |
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most effective way to prevent spread of organisms is __?
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hand hygiene
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why should you clean hands immediately after being soiled?
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prevent transient bacteria from becoming resident bacteria
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disinfect vs sterilize
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disinfect = kill all but spores
sterilize = kill all including spores |
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when cleaning items before sterilization/disinfection, do you use hot or cold water?
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1st, cold - heat coagulates organic material
2nd, warm - warm facilitates emulsification with soap |
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How does the body defend against infection?
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1. normal flora
2. inflammatory resp 3. immune response - antigen-antibody |
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What affects host susceptibility to infection?
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intact skin, pH
age sex race hereditary fatigue, stress, nutrition immunization (nat'l/acquired), invasive/indwelling medical devices |
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Should you sterilize for a noninvasive medical equipment?
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No.
Disinfect for equipmt that does not enter sterile body part. Sterilize for equipmt that enters sterile body part. |
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What is OSHA?
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govt agency - administers the Occupational Safety and Health Act
sets safety standards for workers |
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What are the standard precautions to prevent infections?
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1. hand hygiene
2. gloves when touching blood or other bodily fluids 3. wear protection - ie masks, eye shield, etc 4. never recap needles 5. take care of used patient care equipment adequate envir ctrl? room assignment? |
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Who is JCAHO?
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joint commission on accreditation of healthcare organizations
focuses on patient safety |
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What govt agency is resp for controlling and preventing disease
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CDC - center for disease control
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Healthcare assoc infections (HAI) include two types:
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nosocomial - any infection originating from hospital
iatrogenic - results from a treatment/procedure not all nosocomial infec are iatrogenic, but converse is true |
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When is surgical aspesis necessary?
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OR, labor/delivery room
patient bedside: Urinary catheter, sterile dressing changes, prep for injection |