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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Why does the MTSU Study Skills site say short study sessions are conducive to good memory
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Short sessions, more often, create growth of dendrites and connections
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is processing that organizes and integrates new information into previously stored information, often by making associations.
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Breadth of processing
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n the game show Jeopardy! contestants are tested on general information. The type of memory used to answer these kinds of questions is
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Samantic
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Flashbulb memories
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usually concern events that are emotionally charged
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Memories for general facts and personal information are called
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Declaritive
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Remembering your first day of college classes is an example of ________ memories
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episodic
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When trying to memorize a list of words, reading over them several times before recall is an example of
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Reptition
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occurs when having performed a task predisposes you to perform the same or an associated task again in the future.
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Priming
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is amnesia that leaves consolidated memories intact but prevents the storing of new facts.
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Anterograde amnesia
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is amnesia that disrupts previous memories
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Retrograde amnesia
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The first step in the memory process is _____________ information in a form that the memory system can use.
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Encoding
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Distributed practice in studying means to
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study in short sessions spread out over time
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A skill is like a habit, except that
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skills are more flexible
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is a failure to process to-be-remembered information well enough to ensure that is fully entered into long term memory
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Encoding failure
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The process of retaining information in memory is known as
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Storage
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is learning that occurs as a result of trying to learn
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intentional Learning
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is paying attention to characteristics that distinguish actual from imagined stimuli.
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Reality monitoring
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At the level of the brain, what effect does the stress hormone cortisol have on memory?
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t can kill neurons in the hippocampus
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The depth of processing concept of Craik and Lockhart would suggest that which of the following questions would lead to better memory of the word frog
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would it be found in the pond
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The key difference between priming and repetition priming is that, unlike priming, repetition priming usually involves
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multiple exposures of the same stimuli
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Suppose you're pitching in a baseball game facing a good hitter. You remember that you struck him out with a fastball the last time he was up. You also remember that your coach told you always to try to be unpredictable, so you decide to throw a curve ball this time. In making this decision, you are primarily using your ________.
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Central executive
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Which of the following statements is true about retrieval
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It is a process of getting stored memories back out into consciousness.
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The key difference between the pegword system and the method of loci is that, in the pegword system, instead of
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places, you first memorize a set of objects in order
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A set of neurons that serves to retain information over time is known as a
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Memory store
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are encoding strategies that produce great breadth of processing
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Elaborative encoding
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Loss of memory from the point of injury or illness forward is called
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anterograde amnesia
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is the act of intentionally bringing explicit information to awareness, which requires transferring the information from long-term memory to short-term memory.
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Recall
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The crucial difference between having a "good" memory and having a "bad" memory among most people is
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The strategies people use when studying
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Mateo is 70 years old and had a stroke last year. He is now unable to remember how to get to and return from his new doctor's office using a specific route. What brain structure was potentially damaged by Mateo's stroke
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his hippocampus
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When people hear a sound, their ears turn the vibrations in the air into neural messages from the auditory nerve, which makes it possible for the brain to interpret the sound. This process is called
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encoding
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How do cues help you to remember?
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They direct you to relevant information stored in long-term memory
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False memories are ________.
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mostly memories that did not acure
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are encoding strategies that produce great breadth of processing
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Elaborative encoding
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The memory system that includes two specialized short-term memories (i.e., auditory loop and visuospatial sketchpad) and a central executive that operates on information in the short-term memories to plan, reason, or solve a problem is known as _______________________.
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Working memory
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One aspect of sensory memory that distinguishes it from other types of memory is that
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SM occurs automatically without conscious effort
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The key to mnemonics is that they
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link something new to something you already know
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Recalling the definition of long-term memory is an example of
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semantic memory
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Candice is studying for her psychology multiple-choice exam by thinking about the various facts she has read and trying to distinguish the very similar ideas. As such, Candice appears to be engaged in _
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transfer appropriate processing
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How do cues help you to remember
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They direct you to relevant information stored in long-term memory
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are memories that cannot be retrieved voluntarily and brought into short-term memory but rather predispose a person to process information or behave in certain ways in the presence of specific stimuli.
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implicit memories
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A __________________ is an unusually vivid and detailed memory of a dramatic event.
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flashblab memory
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H. M., a famous amnesiac, gave researchers solid information that the ______________ was important in storing new long-term memories.
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hippocramus
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A patient's chart indicates he just had surgery to remove his hippocampus as a result of a tumor. What change do you anticipate in the patient after the operation?
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The patient will not be able to remember new information.
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Micah is trying to remember the specific route he took to the library the night before. What part of working memory is he accessing?
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the visuospatial sketch pad
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Why does distributed practice result in improved memory over massed practice?
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Each time you study you provide more associations.
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At the level of the brain, what effect does the stress hormone cortisol have on memory
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It can kill neurons in the hippocampus.
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The auditory form of sensory memory is called ________ memory.
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In the research of Elizabeth Loftus (1993) and others, what percentage of participants reported an event that did not occur?
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In the famous case of H. M., after having part of his brain removed, he could no longer
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form new memories
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The key difference between the pegword system and the method of loci is that, in the pegword system, instead of ________.
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places, you first memorize a set of objects in order
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In the research on false memories, why was it easier to implant some memories and not others?
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The emotion evoked by the potentially implanted memory played a role.
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Which memory system provides us with a very brief representation of all the stimuli present at a particular moment?
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sensory memory
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Declarative memories are sometimes referred to as ________ memories.
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expicit
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Which model of memory proposes that the deeper a person processes information, the better it will be remembered?
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depth-of-processing model
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The memory system that includes two specialized short-term memories (i.e., auditory loop and visuospatial sketchpad) and a central executive that operates on information in the short-term memories to plan, reason, or solve a problem is known as _______________________.
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Working memory
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According to the website on infantile amnesia, which kind of memories are less accessible after several months even though they are retrievable within a few hours?
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Declarative memories
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Candice is studying for her psychology multiple-choice exam by thinking about the various facts she has read and trying to distinguish the very similar ideas. As such, Candice appears to be engaged in ________.
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Transfer appropriate processing
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___________________ is the act of successfully matching an encoded stimulus to information about that stimulus that was previously stored in memory.
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recognizable
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n the 1950s, George Miller estimated the number of items that could be stored in short-term memory to be the magic number
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7 plus or minus 2
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________ refers to the process of paying attention to characteristics that distinguish actual from imagined stimuli.
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Reality monitoring
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Miller argued that STM could hold ________ chunks at once.
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5 to 9
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Memory retrieval that is better if it occurs in the same psychological state that was present when the information was first encoded is known as ____________________.
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State-dependent retrieval
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According to the website on infantile amnesia, the prefrontal cortex
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matures at about the same time that memories become accessible
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Specifically, what is a code?
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a particular method for specifying information
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Traditionally, what are repressed memories?
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real memories pushed out of consciousness because they are emotionally threatening
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According to the website on infantile amnesia language development is not a good explanation for the onset of memories from childhood because
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pre-verbal babies can remember things for 6 months or more
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Jerome is preparing for his philosophy essay exam and has decided to just employ basic memorization skills. What does transfer appropriate processing predict in this case?
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he wiill do poorly on the test
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Even though you may not remember the specific events that led you to have a certain opinion, your opinions nonetheless influence your behavior. This is because your opinions are often based on ________.
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implicit behaviors
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Recalling the definition of long-term memory is an example of ________.
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semantic memory
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Automatic processing, compared to controlled processing, involves less ________.
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attention
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Moishe can remember only the first two items and the last two items on the grocery list that his wife just read to him over the phone. The other five items in between are gone. His memory of things at the end of the list demonstrates the __________________.
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recency effect
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Ebbinghaus found that information is forgotten ____________.
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quickly at first, then tapers off gradually
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Which of the following is an example of a test using recall?
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fill in the black
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___________________ are memories of events that are associated with a particular time, place, and circumstance.
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Episodic memories
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paying attention to the amount of perceptual detail in one's memories
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Reality monitoring can be improved by ________.
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False memories are ________.
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memories of events or situations that did not occur
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Trying to remember someone's name whom you met long ago is an example of what type of process?
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retrieval
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In the depth-of-processing model of memory, information that gets processed at a ________ level (such as accessing the meaning of a word or phrase) is more likely to be retained longer and form a stronger memory than information that is processed at a _________ level (such as the visual characteristics of a word).
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deeper; shallower
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S's encoding and retrieval ability were enhanced by ________________.
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S's encoding and retrieval ability were enhanced by ________________.
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___________________ are memories of actual events that were pushed into the unconscious because they are emotionally threatening.
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Repressed memories
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Stimuli, thoughts, or feelings that trigger or enhance remembering are known as _________. They serve as reminders of an object or event.
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cues
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