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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
symbolic interactionism
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theory that people give meaning to symbols and that those meanings come to control those people
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social behaviorism
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view of learning that focuses on the mental processes and the social environment in which learning takes place
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symbols
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in general, arbitrary, often abstract representations of unseen phenomena
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sign
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in symbolic interaction, any element in the environment used to represent another element in the environment
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natural signs
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in symbolic interaction, things occurring in nature that represent something else in nature
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artificial signs
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in symbolic interaction, elements that have been constructed to represent something else in the social world
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signals
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in symbolic interaction, artificial signs that produce highly predictable responses
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symbols
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in symbolic interaction, artificial signs for which there is less certainty of response
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social constructionism
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school of social theory that argues that individuals' power to oppose or reconstruct important social institutions is limited
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social construction of reality
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theory that assumes an ongoing correspondence of meaning because people share a common sense about its reality
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phenomenology
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theory developed by European philosophers focusing on individual experience of the physical and social world
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typifications
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"mental images" that enable people to quickly classify objects and actions and then structure their own actions in response
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symbol
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in social construction of reality, an object that represents some other object
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signs
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in social construction of reality, objects explicitly designed to serve as an index of subjective meaning
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typification schemes
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in social construction of reality, collections of meanings assigned to some phenomenon, which come from a social stock of knowledge to pattern interaction with the environment and things and people in it
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frame analysis
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Goffman's idea about how people use expectations to make sense of everyday life
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social cues
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in frame analysis, information in the environment that signals a shift or change of action
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frame
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in frame analysis, a specific set of expectations used to make sense of a social situation at a given point in time
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downshift and upshift
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in frame analysis, to move back and forth between serious and less serious frames
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hyperritualized representations
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media content constructed to highlight only the most meaningful actions
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primary, or dominant, reality
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in frame analysis, the real world in which people and events obey certain conventional and widely accepted rules (sometimes referred to as the dominant reality)
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news reality frames
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news accounts in which interested elites involve journalists in the construction of news drama that blurs underlying contextual realities
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participatory news
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news that reports how citizens routinely engage in actions that have importance for their communities
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explanatory journalism
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news that answers "why" questions
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collective action frames
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news frames highlighting positive aspects of social movements and the need for and desirability of action
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cultivation analysis
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theory that television "cultivates" or creates a worldview that, although possibly inaccurate, becomes the reality because people believe it to be so
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violence index
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annual content analysis of a sample week of network television prime-time fare demonstrating how much violence is present
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cultural indicators project
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in cultivation analysis, periodic examinations of television programming and the conceptions of social reality cultivated by viewing
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ice-age analogy
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in cultivation analysis, idea that the degree of television's influence is less critical than the direction of its steady contribution
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message system analysis
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in cultivation analysis, detailed content analysis of television programming to assess recurring and consistent presentations of images, themes, values, and portrayals
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cultivation
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in cultivation analysis, television's contribution to the creation of a culture's frameworks or knowledge and underlying general concepts
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mainstreaming
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in cultivation analysis, the process, especially for heavier viewers, by which television's symbols monopolize and dominate other sources of information and ideas about the world
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resonance
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in cultivation analysis, when viewers see things on television that are congruent with their own everyday realities
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3 Bs of television
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in cultivation analysis, the idea that television blurs, blends, and bends reality
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commodification of culture
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the study of what happens when culture is mass-produced and distributed in direct competition with locally based cultures
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media literacy
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the ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and communicate messages
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