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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is a cell?
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- Smallest structural & functional unit of an organism- Basic unit of life- usually too small to be seen without light microscope
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Prokaryotic cells
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- 'before nucleus'- DNA not organised into Chromosomes
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Eukaryotic cells
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- 'true nucleus'~ 10x size of prokaryotic cell- membrane bound compartments (e.g. mitochondria)
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3 main prokayotic (bacterium) shapes
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1. Spirilli (spiral)2. Bacilli (rod)3. Cocci (sphere)(Also Stella, star-shaped, and Haloarcula, rectangular)
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Consists of ________, a polymer consisting of ___ and ___ and short chains of __________.
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peptidoglycan, NAG, NAM, amino acids.
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This shows?
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Flagellum assembly
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What are the two main types of eukaryotic cells?
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Animal cells and plant cells
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what are the long green tubes in this mitochondria?
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A thylakoid is a disc in the chloroplast with the granum being the name of a stack of thylakoids
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what does this show?
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A permanent dipole (stronger than Van der waals' forces)
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Ketones have ________ dipole- dipole interactions and __________ points
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lower, boiling
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The atomic number equals...
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the number of electrons
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Electrophile
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Reagent attracted to electrons (electron loving)
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Nucleophiles
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Nuclear loving, donates a pair of electrons in order to form a chemical bond
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what is happening here?
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Nucleophilic addition
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Elements are made up of
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different atoms
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Number of neutrons and protons in the nucleus is the
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Mass number
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Removing electrons from an atom creates a positive or negative ion?
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Positive
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Adding electrons to an atom creates a positive or negative ion?
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Negative
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Acids and bases are described as a __________ pair
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conjugate (conjugate refers to an acid and base that differ from each other by a proton- is reversible)
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A conjugate acid _______ H+
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donates
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A conjugate base ________ H+
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accepts (it contributes a lone pair of electrons to the dative covalent bond with the proton)
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Most reactions of acids...
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take place in water
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(Water is) amphoteric
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Can act like an acid or a base
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Concentration of an acid is
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the amount (moles) dissolved in 1dm-3 of solution
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Redox reductions
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involve the transfer of electrons from one atom to another (spontaneous generally exothermic)
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Oxidation
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loss of electrons
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Reduction
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gain of electrons
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Redox reaction
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Where electrons are transferred from one atom to another
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Oxidising agent
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a reagent which increases the oxidation number of an element of a given element. These reagents are called oxidants
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Reducing agent
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a reagent that lowers the oxidation number of a given element. These reagents are also called reductants
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Fe2+ (iron) transports _________
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oxygen
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Mg2+ (Magnesium) for _________ & _________ function
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muscle & nerve
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K+ (Potassium) transmission of _______ _________ & _________ __________
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nerve impulses & muscle function
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Ca2+ (Calcium) formation of _________ and _______
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bone and teeth
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Na+ (Sodium) for ________ __________
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Nerve transmission
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3 forms of water
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1. Solid- ice2. Liquid- water3. Gas- steam
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3 Special properties of water
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1. Solvent2. Cohesion3. Stabilises temperature
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Hydrolysis reaction
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- Water split - Water used to break bond
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Condensation/ Dehydration reaction
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- Combining of 2 or more molecules with the loss of water- water is released
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Covalent bonds need...
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a lot of energy to be broken
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Hydrocarbons are long chains of...
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carbon and hydrogen
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Hydrocarbons are ________ in water
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insoluble
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Isomers have the same ________ _________ but different _________ formula
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molecular formula, structural
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The two types of isomerism:
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1. Structural isomerism2. Stereoisomerism
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Structural isomerism
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Same molecular formula but different structural formula
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Stereoisomerism
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Same molecular formula but atoms occupy different positions in space
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Three types of structural isomerism:
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1. Chain isomerism2. Position isomerism3. Functional group isomerism
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what is being shown here?
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Chain isomerism
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what is being shown here?
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Position isomerism
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what is being shown here?
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Functional group isomerism
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Two types of stereoisomerism
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1. Geometrical isomerism
2. Optical isomerism |
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Geometrical isomerism occurs due to...
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restricted rotation of c=c double bonds
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Optical isomerism occurs due to...
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molecules having a chiral centre
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what is being shown here?
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Optical isomerism
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Science
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derived from a latin term 'scientia' meaning knowledge
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Taxonomy
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Science of organising organisms into groups (also known as systematics)
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Classification order:(King prawn curry, or fat greasy sausage?)
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Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
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Chordata characteristics
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stiff rod/ notochord running along the body
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Vertebrata characteristics
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Notochord is replaced by a true backbone
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Notochord
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Cartilaginous skeletal rod
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Mammalia characteristics
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Possesses fur/hair, female produces milk
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Carnivora characteristics
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Predators with teeth developed with a meat diet (Mainly canines)
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Canidae characteristics
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(Dogs) Non-retractile claws and 'long' skulls
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Canis
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Wolves and dogs
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Canis familiaris
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all domestic dogs
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Darwin vs Creationism (3 lines of evidence)
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1. The Earth is ancient and has experienced long-term climate change. 2. ‘Life’ is ancient and also shows evidence of long-term change. 3. These changes to ‘Life’ are coincident with those to climate and very slow.
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Darwin & evolutionary changes
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1. are inherited via sexual reproduction2. have an immediate (‘adaptive’) advantage3. are random as opposed to ‘driven’ or ‘directed’.
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adaptive
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an organism with a natural advantage
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character
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single structural/ behavioural feature of an organism
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Creationism
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belief that the universe is a product of Divine purpose
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Deleterious
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a natural disadvantage of an organism
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(Bio) diversity
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Range of species present in a location or globally
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Extant
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Alive today (but may also be represented in a fossil record)
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Extinct
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No longer alive but evidence present in a fossil record
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Immutable
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unchanged throughout the passage of time
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Modern synthesis
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development of Darwinian evolution
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Speciation
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Evolution of a new species
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Transitional fossil
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Fossil possessing characters typical of two major modern taxa
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Taxa (sing. taxon)
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Group of organisms sharing a set of diagnostic characteristics
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