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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Argument |
presentation of claims or propositions intended to establish a claim |
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Proposition |
sentence that has a truth value Cannot be questions or commands |
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Premise |
proposition that serves as an assumption in an argument |
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Conclusion |
proposition that is intended to follow as a consequence of the premise of an argument |
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inference |
process of reasoning from premise to conclusion |
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law of contradiction |
a predicate P and a predicate NOT P cannot belong in the same Subject (S) at the same time and in the same respect |
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Law of the excluded middle |
All propositions are either true or false there is no middle ground |
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rhetoric |
study of persuasion |
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sophist |
Wise guy-1st one was Corox of Sicily (5th century B.C.) |
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Euphemism |
word or phrase that implies a positive attitude |
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Dysphemism |
word or phrase that implies a negative attitude |
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rhetorical analogy |
comparison used to imply a negative /positive attitude (As graceful as a bull in a china shop) |
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rhetorical definition |
" one variety of begging the question" presupposes the conclusion through the meaning of the terms in the premise
(Abortion is murder of an unborn child) |
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stereotype |
a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing.
(All southerners like country music) |
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Hasty generalization |
inductive argument with a sample size that is too small (Hitler was a vegetarian, so vegetarians can't be trusted) (4 out of 5 doctors say Advil works, so it must work) |
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Innuendo |
implies a negative attitude without directly stating it (David dates a lot of people, IF YOU KNOW WHAT I MEAN) |
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Loaded question |
using a question to hide an unwarranted assumption (Who did Bush hire for 9-11) (Have you quit smoking) ( Have you stopped beating your wife) |
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Weasler |
makes a claim that only seems to support an argument |
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Down player |
down plays importance (she got her degree online) |
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proof surrogate |
claims there is evidence without citing it (As we all know Chevy is better then Ford) |
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Hyperbole |
exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally
(Ages have passed since i last saw you) (Your suitcase weighs a ton) |
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Ad hominem Abusive Circumstantial To quo que |
persuades by attacking the person making the argument rather then the argument itself 3 types 1 (Hilliary is a liar) 2 (Of course your against abortion your a priest) 3 (you do it too) |
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Genetic fallacy |
persuades by attacking the origin of an argument, instead of the argument itself ( Don't believe chemistry it came from Alchemy) |
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Straw Man |
persuades by attacking a weakened version of a position ( Will says put more money into education, Wally says Will wants to cut our defense programs money)...((weak example)) |
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Principle of charity |
presents strong argument of opposition to attack |
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false dilemma |
persuades by suggesting there are only 2 options when there may be more ( either your for me or against me) |
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perfectionist |
persuades by claiming a plan should be rejected if it isn't perfect (If policy X cannot meet all our needs, then we should deny it) |
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line drawing |
persuades by claiming if a precise line can't be drawn then no distinction can be made |
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petitio principii (circular reasoning) |
persuades by assuming the conclusion (the real begging the question) (God must exist because the Bible says so, The bible is true because it was written by God) |
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Argument from outrage |
substituting anger for evidence |
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Ad Baculum |
persuades by appealing to force or threat |
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Ad Misericordiam |
persuades by appealing to pity |
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Apple polishing |
persuades by appealing to flattery |
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guilt trip |
persuades by appealing to guilt |
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wishful thinking |
persuades by substituting hope for evidence |
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red herring |
persuades by leading discussion away from the relevant issue |
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smoke screen |
persuades by leading the discussion away from the relevant issue multiple times -multiple red herrings |
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accident |
persuades by applying a general rule to a case it was never intended to be applied too ( Ambulance drivers should be charged for speeding) |
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Ad Verecundiam |
persuades by appealing to a false authority ( or authority in the wrong field) |
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Ad Populum |
persuades by appealing to majority's opinion concerning matters of fact |
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Post Hoc ergo |
persuades by assuming causation where there is only evidence for succession ( The rooster crows then the sun comes up, he must make the sun come up) |
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Slippery slope |
persuades by citing a negative consequence of a policy when it might not happen ( Drinking leads to death by liver damage) |
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composition |
persuades by assuming the whole has the same properties as the parts |
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weak analogy |
persuades by analogy based on insufficient similarity |
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Ad ignorantian |
persuades by appealing to ignorance (uses unknown as positive evidence) (we haven't proved Bigfoot doesn't exist so he must exist) |
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contrariety ( Syllogism) |
Syllogism cannot both be true but both can be false |
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sub-contrariety (Syllogism) |
Syllogism cannot both be false but both can be true |