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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Bioenergetics |
Flow of energy in a Biological system
Concern Primarily the conversion of MacroNutrients - CHO - PRO - FAT |
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Energy
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Ability/Capacity to perform work
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Catabolism
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The breakdown of Large molecules into Smaller molecules
Associated with the Release of Energy |
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Anabolism
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The Synthesis of Larger molecules from Smaller molecules from E+
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Exergonic Reaction
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Energy Releasing Reactions
Generally Catabolic |
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Endergonic Reaction
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Require Energy
Include Anabolic Processes Contraction of Muscles |
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Metabolism
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The total of all the Catabolic (Exergonic) and Anabolic (Endergonic) Reactions in a biological system
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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
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ATP allows the transfer of Energy from Exergon to Endergon Reactions
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Hydrolysis
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The breakdown of one Molecule of ATP to yield energy
B/C it requires one Molecule of H2O |
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Adenosine Triphosphatase (ATPase)
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The enzyme that catalyzes ATP hydrolysis
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Myosin ATPase
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Specifically, the enzyme that catalyzes ATP hydrolysis for Cross-Bridge Recycling
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Calcium ATPase
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Enzyme for ATP Hydro
For Pumping Ca back into the SR |
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Sodium-Potassium ATPase
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Enzyme for ATP Hydro
For Maintaining the Sarcolemmal concentration gradient Post-Depol |
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Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)
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Byproduct of Hydro of ATP
Only two Phosphate Groups |
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Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP)
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Byproduct of Hydro of ADP
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Anaerobic
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Processes that do not require the presence of O2
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Aerobic
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Mechanisms that depend on O2
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3 Systems of ATP Replenishment
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Phosphagen
Glycolytic Oxidative |
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Phosphagen System
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Provides ATP primarily for:
- Short-Term - High Intensity Activities Also, it's the reactive Start of ALL exercise regardless of intensity |
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Creatine Phosphate (CP) / Phosphocreatine (PCr)
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High energy phosphate molecules used for E+ reproduction in the Phosphagen system
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Creatine Kinase
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The enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of ATP from CP and ADP
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Adenylate Kinase (aka Myokinase) Reaction
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An important Single-Enzyme reaction that can rapidly replenish ATP
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Type II Muscles and CP
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Type II muscles have higher concentrations of CP
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Law of Mass Action (aka Mass Action Effect)
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Phosphagen system control
States: - Concentrations of Reactants/Products (or both), in a solution, will Drive the Direction of the Reactions. |
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Near-Equilibrium Reactions
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Slow Steady, equal Reaction
Proceed in a direction dictated by the concentrations of the Reactants due to the Law of Mass Action |
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Glycolysis
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The breakdown of CHO
Either Glycogen stored in muscles or Glucose delivered in the Blood To Resynthesize ATP |
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Pyruvate
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The end result of Glycolysis
Can be converted to Lactate or Shuttled to Mitochondria |
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Anaerobic Glycolysis (Fast Glycolysis)
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When Pyruvate is converted to lactate
- ATP Resynthesis occurs at a faster rate - Limited duration |
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Aerobic Glycolysis (Slow Glycolysis)
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When Pyruvate is shuttled into the Mitochondria for Krebs Cycle
- ATP Resynthesis rate is slower - Occurs for Longer Duration during low intensity exercise |
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Lactate
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Pyruvate is converted into lactate to be mobilized throughout the body
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Creatine Kinase
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The enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of ATP from CP and ADP
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Adenylate Kinase (aka Myokinase) Reaction
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An important Single-Enzyme reaction that can rapidly replenish ATP
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Type II Muscles and CP
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Type II muscles have higher concentrations of CP
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Law of Mass Action (aka Mass Action Effect)
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Phosphagen system control
States: - Concentrations of Reactants/Products (or both), in a solution, will Drive the Direction of the Reactions. |
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Near-Equilibrium Reactions
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Slow Steady, equal Reaction
Proceed in a direction dictated by the concentrations of the Reactants due to the Law of Mass Action |
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Glycolysis
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The breakdown of CHO
Either Glycogen stored in muscles or Glucose delivered in the Blood To Resynthesize ATP |
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Pyruvate
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The end result of Glycolysis
Can be converted to Lactate or Shuttled to Mitochondria |
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Anaerobic Glycolysis (Fast Glycolysis)
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When Pyruvate is converted to lactate
- ATP Resynthesis occurs at a faster rate - Limited duration |
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Aerobic Glycolysis (Slow Glycolysis)
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When Pyruvate is shuttled into the Mitochondria for Krebs Cycle
- ATP Resynthesis rate is slower - Occurs for Longer Duration during low intensity exercise |
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Lactate
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Pyruvate is converted into lactate to be mobilized throughout the body
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Metabolic Acidosis
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The process of an Exercise-Induced Decrease in pH
Inhibits the enzymatic turnover rate of cell's E+ systems |
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Wet Muscle
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Muscle that has not been Desiccated
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Cori Cycle
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Process of transporting Lactate in the blood to the liver
> Then converted to Glucose |
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Mitochondria
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Specialized cellular organelles where the reactions of aerobic metabolism occur
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Reduced
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Refers to the addition of Hydrogen
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Phosphorylation
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The process of adding an inorganic Phosphate (Pi) to another Molecule
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Oxidative Phosphorylation
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The resynthesis of ATP in the Electron Transport Chain
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Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
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The direct resynthesis of ATP from ADP during a single reaction in the Metabolic Pathways
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Allosteric Inhibition
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When an end Product Binds to the Regulation Enzyme
- Decreases turnover rate - Slows production formation |
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Allosteric Activation
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When an "Activator" binds with the enzyme and
- Increases its turnover rate |
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Rate-Limiting Step
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The slowest step of a chemical reaction
- Limits and controls rate of reaction |
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Lactate Threshold (LT)
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Intensity at which Blood Lactate
- Begins an Abrupt increase above baseline - Marker of Anaerobic Threshold |
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Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation (OBLA)
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When the concentration of Blood Lactate reaches:
- 4 mmol/L - During very Intense exercise - Second increase of Lactate accumulation after LT |
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Oxidative System
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The primary source of ATP at:
- Rest - Low Intensity Exercise Uses Primarily: - CHO - FAT |
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Krebs Cycle
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A series of reactions that
- Continues to Oxidate the substrate from Glycolysis - Produces two ATP |
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Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
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The process of creating ATP from:
- ADP - NADH - FADH2 |
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Cytochromes
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Electron carriers in the Electron Transport Chain
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Beta Oxidation
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A series of reactions in which Free Fatty Acids are
- Broken Down - Creates Acetyl-CoA and H- |
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Total ATP Yield from Oxidation of ONE Glucose Molecule
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40
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Gluconeogenesis
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The process of converting Amino Acids into Glucose
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Branched Chain Amino Acids
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-Leucine
-Isoleucine -Valine Major amino acids that are oxidized in Skeletal Muscle |
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Total E+ Yield from Oxidation of ONE Triglyceride
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463
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Exercise Intensity
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The Level of Muscular Activity that can be quantified in terms of Power Output
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Power
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Work performed per:
- Unit of Time |
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Relationship of Energy Systems
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Inverse Relationship between:
- Energy System's max rate of ATP production - Total amount of ATP production capable |
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E+ System for 0-6 seconds
(Intensity: Extremely High) |
Phosphagen
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E+ System for 6-30 seconds
(Intensity: Very High) |
Phosphagen/Fast Glycolysis
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E+ System for 30 secs - 2 mins
(Intensity: High) |
Fast Glycolysis
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E+ System for 2-3 minutes
(Intensity: Moderate) |
Fast Glycolysis/Oxidative System
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E+ System for >3 minutes
(Intensity: Low) |
Oxidative System
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Energy Substrates
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Molecules that provide starting materials for:
- Bioenergetic Reactions - Includes Phosphagens (ATP/CrP), Glucose, Glycogen, Lactate, Free Fatty Acids, Amino Acids |
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Time for Post-Ex Phosphagen Replenishment
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3-5 mins
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Glycogenolysis
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Breakdown of Glycogen
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Oxygen Uptake (O2 Consumption)
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The measure of a person's ability to:
- Take in/Use Oxygen |
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Oxygen Deficit
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The Anaerobic Contribution to the:
- Total E+ Cost of Exercise |
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Oxygen Debt
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Post-Exercise Oxygen Uptake
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Excess Postexercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC)
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The Oxygen Uptake:
- Above Resting Values - Used to restore the body to pre exercise conditions Factors: - ATP REsynthesis - O2 resaturation - Repair Damage - Increased body temperature |
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Metabolic Specificity of Training
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The use of Appropriate:
- Ex. Intensities - Rest Intervals - Ex. Selection based on the specific Energy Systems used during competition |
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Interval Training
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A method of training that emphasis:
- Bioenergetic Adaptations - For more efficient energy transfer - Within Metabolic pathway - Using Pre-Determined Intervals of Exercise and Rest Periods |
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Combination Training (Cross-Training)
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Adding Endurance Training to Anaerobic Athletes training to:
- Enhance Recovery - Due to recovery being Aerobic *Aerobic Endurance training WILL REDUCE ANAEROBIC TRAINING* * Especially: - High Strength - High Power |
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Exercise-to-Rest Intervals
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Phosphagen:
5-10 secs (1:12 - 1:20) Fast Glycol: 15-30 secs (1:3 - 1:5) Fast Glycol/Oxid 1-3 mins (1:3 - 1:4) Oxidative >3 mins (1:1 - 1:3) |