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128 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the purpose of CVA?
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To figure out functional significance and variation between groups
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What is a vertebrate?
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An organism which belongs to the phylum chordate and the subphylum vertebrata (craniata)
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What are the 5 characteristics of Chordates?
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Notochord- precursor to spine and found in embryonic and primitive vertebrates. It is a gristle like rod on the dorsal side of the organism (made up of same material as nucleus pulposa)
Pharyngeal slits Dorsal hollow nerve cord (tube that has fluid on inside and out) Post-anal tail Endostyle (thyroid gland) |
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Homocercal tail
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caudal tail in fish is the same size on top and bottom
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Heterocercal tails definition and function
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found in sharks,this is necessary because sharks lack a swim bladder and although the large amounts of liver oil that they produce assist in buoyancy they need assistance to move upwards in the water column. The larger top of the tail provides upward forces on the shark and it swims.
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Phylogeny
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the evolutionary history of a taxon
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Phylogenesis
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the process that produces evolutionary lines
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Ontogeny
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the developmental history of an individual from conceptions to death
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Extant
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individuals or groups which are living at the present time
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Extinct
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individuals or groups which are no longer living. Organisms which lived in the distant past (***phylogenic ancestors must be EXTINCT!)
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Microevolution
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evolutionary processes that can be noticed within a relatively brief period as during a human lifetime
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Macroevolution
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evolutionary process extending thru geological eras, large scale evolution of new genera and species owing to mutations resulting in marked changes in chromosome pattern phenotypes
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Carl von Linne (Carolus Linneus)
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• Creationist
• Systematist- binomial nomenclature • Species are immutable (fixed and unchangeable) |
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Dr. John Lighfoot
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• Creationist
• Vice-chancellor of Cambridge University • Calculated that humans were created in 4004 B.C. on October 23rd at 9:00 am. |
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Richard Owen
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• Creationist
• Morphologist • Believed in immutability of species • Believed in archetypes (an archetype is a biological blue print) |
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John Baptist de Lamarck
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• Evolutionist
• Believed: o in spontaneous regeneration o Hierarchy of the species o That animals developed new characteristics to meet the demands that the environment placed on them (idea that need produces change) o Inheritance of new characteristics |
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Alfred Russel Wallace
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• Evolutionist
• Belief based on his own observation of the malay archipelago • Wrote a paper on evolution and sent it to Darwin |
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Charles Darwin (1809-1892)
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• Father was a physician
• Charles fainted at the sight of blood therefore he was educated as a clergyman • Became the naturalist aboard HMS Beagle • Belief based on observations in South America and on the Galapagos Islands • Delayed writing his book on evolution for 20 years |
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Thomas H. Huxley (1825-1895)
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• Evolutionist
• morphologist • Staunch defender of Darwinian evolution, he was often referred to as Darwin’s bulldog • Disproved Owen’s archetype theory of the skull |
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George Cuvier (1769-1832)
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• Creationist
• Morphologist • Father of Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy • Believed parts were adapted to perform specific functions. For example: if a part were changed the function would fail and the animal would perish |
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- Homologous structures
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phylogenetic descendants of the same anlage in a remote ancestor. They may be similar or broadly dissimilar morphologically and functionally.
common ancestry (ex. Forelimb of human, mole & horse) |
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- Analogous structures
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have similar functions but are not homologous
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- Homoplasty
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is the manifestations in different organisms of similar structural adaptations that are not attributable to homology.
similar appearance |
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- Convergent evolution
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the evolution of similar structures in unrelated taxa as a result of mutations that are adaptive to similar environments
o Ex. Morphological convergence among sharks, penguins and porpoises |
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- Parallel evolution
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the evolution of similar structures in recently related but isolated taxa whose common ancestor lacked the trait
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- Divergent evolution
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the evolution of an ancestral structure which becomes modified into a number of different forms.
o Beak shapes among Darwin’s finches |
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- Phylogeny definition
- graphic representation? |
o The course of evolutionary change within a related group
o Graphic representation is a dendrogram |
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o clade
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a natural evolutionary lineage including an ancestor plus all and only its descendants.
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cladeogram
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a branching dendrogram representing the organization and relationships of clades.
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functions of a cladeogram
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Identify natural (related) groups.
Allow the visualization of relatedness (how closely) May be constructed using 3 or more organisms. |
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o Index fossils
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indicators of time in strata where the same organism can be found in the same layer at multiple locations
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additional characteristics of vertebrates
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- Segmentation (ex. Vertebrae)
- Coelom - Deuterostomes - Triploblastic |
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Protochordate are...
they include... they eat... they live... they resemble... |
general term w/ no true taxonomic meaning. Protochordates include hemichordates, urochordates and cephalochordates. All protochordates are marine and filter feeders. The larval stage is usually pelagic (planktonic) while the adult stage is benthic. Some are solitary, others are colonial, some are dioecious others are monoecious and some exhibit paedomorphosis (neoteny) as adults.
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- Hemichordata
- include... - common name? - What type of larvae? - Where do the adults live? |
only have some of the chordate characteristics:…..)
o Enteropneustra “acorn worms” o Pterobrachia o Hemichordates have a tornarial larva (found in the water column, while the adults are found on the ocean floor) |
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Why don’t we randomly run across dead animals or fossil records normally?
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- decomposition
- some animals eat bones - most things that die are not left in conditions that are conducive to leaving fossilized records (conditions must be precise for fossils to be formed) |
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- Urochordates include
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sea squirts and tunicates
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- Cephalochordata include:
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Amphioxus and Branchiostoma lanceolatum
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• Class Myxini
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subphylum vertebrata
subclass agnatha - hagfish |
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• Class Petromyzoniformes
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subphylum vertebrata
subclass agnatha - lamprey (cyclostomes) |
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• Class Cephalaspidomorpha
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subphylum vertebrata
subclass agnatha -ostracoderms (armor on their flatheads) all extinct |
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- All other fish above the placoderms evolved along 2 major lines:
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Chondrichthyes and the Teleostomi
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o Subclass Elasmobranchii
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Subphylum Vertebrata
Class Chondrichthyes -includes sharks and rays -Largest is the whale shark which is a filter feeder |
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o Subclass Holocephali (chimaeras)
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Subphylum Vertebrata
Class Chondrichthyes “rat fish”- spend much of their time on the bottom of ocean |
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• Class Acanthodii
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Subphylum Vertebrata
(all extinct) o A minnow sized fish which had large spines at the leading edge of a thin skin web which serves as a fin. Dermal armor persisted only in the head region. Placed btwn cartilaginous and bony fishes. |
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• Class Osteichthyes
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Subphylum Vertebrata
o Small overlapping scales, swim bladders and fin rays (lepidotrichia) |
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Subclass Actinopterygians
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majority of all fish and ray finned
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• Superorder: Palaeonisciforemes
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Subphylum Vertebrata
Class Osteichthyes Subclass Actinopterygians -earliest bony fishes, fusiform (cigar shaped) with ganoid scales - includes o Order Acipenseride- paddle fish and sturgeons (eggs are caviar) |
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• Superorder Neopterygii and characteristics
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Subphylum Vertebrata
Class Osteichthyes Subclass Actinopterygians o skull changes for jaw mobility o notochord replaces by ossified vertebrae o Homocercal tail o Most recent and most advances o Circular scales without ganonine o Swim bladder |
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Subclass Sarcoptergii
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fleshy finned fish, gave rise to first terrestrial vertebrates – cosmoid scales and diphycercal caudal tail fin
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• Superorder Dipnoi
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• Class Osteichthyes
Subclass Sarcoptergii lungfish- 3 genera living in fresh water - HE LIKES LUNGFISH (AFRICAN ESPECIALLY AND DIPNOI IS USUALLY THE ANSWER) |
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- types of Tetrapods
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may be terrestrial, amphibious, aquatic or flying
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chiridium
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to have a muscular limb with well defined joints and
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2 classes of tetrapods where all members of which are extinct
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Class labryinthodontia
Class Lepospondyli |
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Class Lepospondyli
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solid vertebras and all parts fused and teeth lacked labyrinthine enamel folds)
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Class labryinthodontia
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(some juveniles had a lateral line system on the skull and adults did not)
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Subclass Lissamphibia
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modern amphibians
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• Order Gymnophiona
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o Class Amphibia
Subclass Lissamphibia (aka Apoda- legless amphibians) |
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• Order Urodela
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o Class Amphibia
Subclass Lissamphibia aka caudate- salamanders |
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• Order Salientia
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o Class Amphibia
Subclass Lissamphibia aka anura- frogs and toads |
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Amniotes definition
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bear embryos which developed in extra-embryonic membranes (usually in calcareous or leathery shells). Therefore they can reproduce outside the water unlike fish and amphibians
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o Subclass Eureptilia
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(Diapsida skull- 2 temporal fenestrae ,or openings and a palatine fenestra) Turtles however are anapsida with no holes in their skull
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***Within the reptilian radiation there are 2 fossils aquatic specializations which we don’t know where to place:
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Icthyoptergia- Ichthyisaurs & Sauropterygia
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3 subclasses of Class Reptilia
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o Subclass mesosaurs (specialized aquatic)
o Subclass Parareptilia (shell with carapace and plasteron) o Subclass Eureptilia |
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Birds are derived from __________and are most closely related to __________
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reptiles; crocs
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the capacity for flight
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Only birds, bats and pterosaurs
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o Subclass Synapsida includes what 2 orders?
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Order: Plycosauria (sail backed reptiles)
order: Therapsida (mammal like reptiles) |
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- Class Mammalia
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definition
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Order Marsupialia-
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Class mammalia
Infraclass metatheria marsupials or pouched mammals such as kangaroos, oppossums, and koalas |
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o Infraclass Eutheria
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all placentals
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Order Edentata-
Order Insectivora- |
Anteaters and sloths
shrews and moles |
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Order Chiroptera-
Order Dremoptera- Order Pholidonta- |
bats
flying lemurs (colugos) pangolin |
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Order Lagomorpha-
Order Rodentia- |
pika and rabbits
rodents<mice chipmunks, beaver, etc.> |
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Order Artiodactyla :
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UNGULATE
pigs, camels, cattle deer (even # of toes) |
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Order Perissodactyla
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UNGULATE
horses, tapirs, rhino (odd # of toes) |
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Order Proboscidea
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UNGULATE
elephants and mastadons |
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Order Hydracoidea
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UNGULATES
- hydraxes |
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Order Cetacea
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UNGULATES
whales and dolphins |
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Order Sirenia:
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UNGULATES
sea cows |
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Order Tubulidentata
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UNGULATES
aardvarks |
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- Fertilization
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the union of 2 haploid gametes to form a diploid zygote (sperm and egg)
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Macrolecithal
Mesolecithal Microlecithal |
having a large amount of yolk
having a moderate amount of yolk having small amount of yolk |
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Isolecithal
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having the yolk evenly distributed throughout the ovum
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Telolecithal
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having the yolk concentrated at one pole of the ovum
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- allantois:
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storage of wastes
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chorion
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respiration of exchange of gasses
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Oviparous
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species lay eggs which develop without additional nourishment from the mother. Most of these have external fertilization.
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Viviparous
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vertebrates develop on the body of the mother. These groups have internal fertilization and receive nourishment from the mother.
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Ovoviviparous
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species have eggs which develop within the mother but do not get nourishment from her.
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Gastrulation
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: the process of gut formation
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Neurulation
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the process of nerve tube formation
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- Archenteron
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the primitive gut
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Somite is divided into what 3 things and what do these 3 things develop into?
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myotome ( forms mm ), dermatome ( forms skin ), and sclerotome ( forms vertebrae )
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Myocoel
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gives rise to muscle
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Nephrocoel
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gives rise to kidneys
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Neural crest cells
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excess neural tissue that have developed outside the ectoderm and is going to be found throughout all parts of the body and form many different
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- Heterochrony
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a departure from typical sequence in time of organ formation
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o Paedomorphosis definition
is synonymous with? |
adults resemble the juvenile form of their ancestor
Ex. Neoteny- the current species resemble the juvenile ancestor |
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Peramorphosis
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adult forms are exaggerations of ancestral morphology
Exaggerated traits present in the adult relative to the ancestral adult |
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4 basic types of integument
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Epithelial
Connective Muscle Nerve |
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epithelial tissue is derived from? its 2 basic morphologies are?
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o Derived from all germ layers
o 2 basic morphologies Sheet like • Covers surfaces or lines spaces o Epithelium – lines surfaces o Mesothelium- lines large spaces (ex. Coelom) o Endothelium lines small spaces (ex. Vasculature) Glandular |
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Epithelial cells are linked very close to each other and can be classified by
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the shape of the cells
- columnar, squamous, cuboidal - single or multicellular (simple or stratified) - most vertebrates that live on land have keratinized outer epithelial tissue or skin (H2O proof) |
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endocrine epithelial tissue
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Cord or clump (release into blood stream) versus follicular (thyroid which releases hormone into the colloid and is stored in follicle until needed)
Secretions directly into blood (hormones) no ducts! |
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exocrine epithelial tissue
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Simple vs. compound
If simple then tubular or alveolar Retain a duct to a surface Secrete enzymes, sweat, oil, bile etc. depending on type |
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body's largest organ system
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integumentary
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- Epidermis is a derivative
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embryonic ectoderm
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- Dermis is a derivative of
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mesoderm dermatome
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- Integument in true vertebrates is ________
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stratified
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functions for integument
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o Protection
o Exteroception (“it’s cold outside” I feel this via skin senses) o Respiration o Excretion o Thermoregulation o Locomotion (belly of snake) o Homeostasis o Species signaling o Sexual signaling o Produces Vitamin D o Prevents drying out (desiccation) o Color o Camouflage |
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o Extant fishes have what kind of integument
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non-keratinized skin covered by mucus
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mucous definition and function
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o Mucus is a protective layer to prevent some suspended particles from trancytosing their membranes and to be slippery to avoid being held
protects, reduces friction, precipitates suspended particles, maintains osmotic balances and glands in the region can have poison or be light organs (phosphorescence) |
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o Fish dermis often gives rise to
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dermal bone and dermal bone gives rise to dermal scales
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o Scales are composed of :
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bony part, living part and exocrine mucous glands
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- Amphibian Integument
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o Aquatic amphibians have multicellular glands
o Mucous glands prevent desiccation and help protect (example: when dog attempts to eat a toad) o Some produce alkaloids and poisons |
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o scute
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a large plate-like scale
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o Gastralia
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dermal abdominal bones
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Ecdysis
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molting or shedding of skin
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o Brood patch
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patch on breast for incubation of eggs
Higher blood supply |
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o Uropygial gland
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oil gland at base of tail in class aves
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4 Feather types
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Flight (largest)
Contour (give shape) Down (warmth) Filoplume (ornamentation or specialty function) |
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integument coloring due to
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chromatophores
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- Mammalian glands
o Sebaceous glands that secrete sebum |
Wax glands of outer ear
Meibomian glands of eyelid |
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• Hair types
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o Fur (pelage)
o Guard hairs o Underfur o Vibrissae (long whiskers) tactile stimulation o Quills |
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o Specialized structures (epidermal)
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Hair
Glands Claws Antlers and horns Hooves |
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mammary glands in monotremes are
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milk secretion ducts are linked to the hair
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outside of hoof and nail is the _____________ behind it is the __________
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ungus, subungus (living portion)
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horns
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continually grow and have a bony core and outer covering, frequently not shed
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antlers
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have a bony separation plate between skull and antler (which is covered with vascular skin (velvet) and leaving only bony core which will be shed at the end of the season
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o baleen
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filters out organisms from water in the whale)
sieve looking mouth plate that filters out the food from the water (suspension feeder) |