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417 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is NOT one of the main areas of Earth Science
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astrology
|
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What is the study of the atmosphere and the processes that produce weather and climate
|
meterology
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The area of Earth Science that examines the physical and biological changes that have occured in Earth's past is called what
|
historical geology
|
|
The inner planets- Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars-were formed by
|
repeated collisions of asteroid-sized debris
|
|
According to the nebular hyporthesis, our solar system formed from huge rotating cloud made mostly of
|
helium and hydrogen
|
|
The outer planets- Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, are made up of
|
water, carbon dioxide, amonia, and methane
|
|
Earth's four major spheres are the
|
hydropshere, atmosphere, geosphere, and biosphere
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Which of Earth's spheres includes the oceans, groundwater, lakes, and glaciers
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the hydrosphere
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The life-forms of the biosphere are located in the
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atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere
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What is the layer closest to us of the Earth's geosphere called
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crust
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What layer of Earth's geosphere is 2890 km
|
lower mantle
|
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What are three main parts of the geosphere
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crust, mantle, core
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|
The crust and uppermost mantle make up the rigid outer layer of Earth called waht
|
lithosphere
|
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The theory of plate tectonics helps scientists explain
|
how earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur
|
|
What is the driving force for the movement of the lithospheric plates
|
unequal distribution of heat within Earth
|
|
According to the plate tectonics model, what layers form Earth's rigid, mobile plates
|
crust and uppermost mantle
|
|
The distance, measured in degress, north and south ofthe equator is referred to as
|
latitude
|
|
On the global grid, the prime meridian is at
|
0 degrees longitude
|
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How could two points 35 degrees north of the equator-one in North America and the other in China-be distinguished using map coordinates
|
by their longitude
|
|
Differences in elevation are best shown using a
|
Robinson projection map
|
|
On a topographic map, contour lines that form a circle indicate a(n)
|
ocean
|
|
A map with a scale of 1:24,000 means that
|
one unit on the map is equal to 24,000 units on the ground
|
|
Earth is ocnsidered a system because all of its parts
|
interact
|
|
Any size group of interacting parts that form a complex whole is a(n)
|
system
|
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Which of the following would be one of the interacting parts in a weather system
|
clouds
|
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What are the two sources of energy for the Earth system
|
the sun and wind
|
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The sun's energy dirves which of the folloiwng processes
|
weather and ocean circulation
|
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What is an environmental hazard created by humans
|
air pollution
|
|
what is NOT caused by human interactions with the Earth system
|
mountain building
|
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How could the building of a dam affect the Earth system
|
a dam could cause the flooding of a nearby forest, a dam could destroy a fish species that needs swiftly moving water, and a dam could block the migration of spawning fish.
|
|
Which of the following is an example of a renewable resource
|
energy from flowing water
|
|
resources that can be replenished over a relatively short ime span is what
|
fossil fuels
|
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Whatt is NOT an example of a norenewable resource
|
solar energy
|
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What is NOT an example of a renewable resource
|
chicken
|
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A scientific hypothesis can become a theory if
|
the hypothesis can be tested at least once
|
|
A preliminary untested explanation that tries to explain how or why things happen in the manner observed is a scientific
|
hypothesis
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A scientific idea that is well tested and widely accepted by the scientific community is caleld a scientific
|
theory
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In a scientific inquiry, when competing hypotheses have been eliminated, a hypothesis may be elevated to the status of a scientific
|
theory
|
|
The science of what is traditionally divided into two parts: physical and historical
|
geology
|
|
A group of science called what science deals with Earth and its neighbors in space
|
?
|
|
The what hypothesis suggests that our solar system evolved from a huge rotating cloud of dust and gas
|
nebular
|
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Earth can be divided into four major spheres: the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, the what and the biosphere
|
geosphere
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The what refers to the rigid, outer layer of Earth, which includes the crust and part of the upper mantle
|
lithosphere
|
|
The theory of what provides a model to explain how volcanoes and earthquakes occur and how continents move
|
plate tectonics
|
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According ot the theory of plate tectonics forces what forces such as volcanism and mountain building receive energy from Earth's interior
|
constructive
|
|
Lines of what are used to measure distances east or west of the prime meridian in degress.
|
Longitude
|
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A(n) what map, projections a flat representation of Earth that shows directions accurately, but distorts sizes and distances
|
mercator
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The major difference between a topographic map and other maps is that a topographic map shows
|
elevation
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|
Loosely defined a(n) what can be any size groups of interacting parts that form a complex whole
|
system
|
|
Earth's weather and ocean circulation are powered by energy from the what
|
sun
|
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What interaction with the Earth system has resulted in reource depletion and water and air pollution
|
human
|
|
A(n) renewable reource is a resource that can be replenished over a relatively short time span
|
renewable
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A scientific what is a well-tested and widely accepted view that scientists agree best explains certain observable facts
|
theory
|
|
What are the traditional subdivisions of Earth science
|
geoloy, meterology,
|
|
What are the three major layers of the geosphere
|
crust, mantel, and core
|
|
What are the two major sources of energy for the Earth system
|
sun, and Earth's interior
|
|
What are two examples of human activites that can affect the Earth system
|
urban air pollution, and acid rain
|
|
What is NOT one of the eight most ommon elements in Earth's continental crust
|
carbon
|
|
The most abundant element in Earth's continental crust (by weight) is
|
oxygen
|
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What are the building blocks of minerals
|
elements
|
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The central region of an atom is called the
|
nucleus
|
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The smallest particle of an element that still retains all the element's properties is a(n)
|
atom
|
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If the atomic number of an element is 6 and its mass numver is 14, how many neutrons are contained i nthe nucleus
|
8
|
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An atom that loses or gains electrons is called a(n)
|
ion
|
|
Atoms containing the same numbers of protons and different number of neutrons are
|
isotopes
|
|
Isotopes of the same element differ in the number of
|
neutrons
|
|
The mass number of an atom is obtained by totaling the number of
|
protons and neutrons
|
|
When two or more elements bond together in definite proportions, they form a(n)
|
compound
|
|
Which subatomic particles are most involved in chemical bonding
|
electrons
|
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What statement about the chemical combination of atoms to form compounds is NOT ture
|
compounds form when atoms are less stable in combined form
|
|
The main types of chemical obnds are
|
ionic, covalent, and metallic
|
|
What type of chemical bond forms between positive and negative ions
|
ionic
|
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What is the smallest particle of a covalent compound that shows that the properties of that compound
|
a molecule
|
|
Compounds with high melting points have
|
ionic bonds
|
|
What is NOT a characteristic of minerals
|
either liquid of solid
|
|
What is a naturally occuring, inorganic solid with an orderly crystalline structure and a definite chemical composition
|
a mineral
|
|
Minerals form from bodies of water due to the process of
|
precipitation
|
|
The process of mineral formation from magma is called
|
crystallization
|
|
Mineral formation caused by high pressures and high temperatures would most likely occur in which of the following environments
|
deep within Earth
|
|
Minerals are classified by
|
composition
|
|
A mineral that contains carbon, oxygen, and the metallic element magnesium would be classified as a(n)
|
carbonate
|
|
The building block of the silicate minerals is called the
|
silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
|
|
Minerals with the silicon-oxygen structure, are classified into what group
|
silicates
|
|
All minerals in the sulfate and sulfide groups contain what element
|
sulfur
|
|
The most common mineral group in Earth's crust is the
|
sulfides
|
|
To which mineral group does orthoclase feldspar belong
|
the silicates
|
|
Which of the following properties is generally the least useful in identifying minerals
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color
|
|
The color of a mineral, such as fluorite, changes due to
|
small amounts of different elements
|
|
The appearance or quality of light reflected from the surface of a mineral is called
|
luster
|
|
The resistance of a mineral to being scratched is called
|
hardness
|
|
the color of the powdered form of a mineral is called
|
fracture
|
|
Mohs scale is used to determine what property of minerals
|
hardness
|
|
what is the hardness of an unknown mineral that scratches glass, but will not scratch quartz
|
6.0
|
|
The tendency of minerals to break along smooth flat surfaces is called
|
cleavage
|
|
What is the uneven breakage of a mineral called
|
fracture
|
|
What determines whether a mineral will show cleavage or break in irregular fractures
|
internal atomic structure
|
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what is the density of a mineral
|
the ratio if a mineral's mass to its volume
|
|
How could you determine if a sample of gold is pure
|
compare the sample's density with that of pure gold
|
|
which of the following minerals will fizz in contact with hydrochloric acid
|
calcite
|
|
what property can be used to distinguish tale and gypsum
|
talc has a soapy feel
|
|
what determines the properties of a mineral
|
composition and structure
|
|
the smallest part of an element that still retains the element's properties is a(n)
|
atom
|
|
a(n) what is an electrically neutral subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom
|
netral
|
|
atoms of the same element that have different mass numbers are called
|
isotopes
|
|
the sum of the neutrons and protons in the nucleus is the atom's
|
mass number
|
|
Most minerals are composed of two or more elements joined to form a chemically stable
|
compound
|
|
Compounds with what bonds are poor conductors of electricity, even what melted
|
covalent
|
|
A naturally occurring, inorganic solid that has an orderly crystalline structure and a definite chemical composition is a(n)
|
mineral
|
|
As magma cools, the first minerals to what are rich in iron, calcium, and magnesium
|
crystallize
|
|
Minerals are classified into gorups based on
|
composition
|
|
Silicon and oxygen combine to form the framework of th most common mineral group, the what mineral
|
silicate
|
|
small amounts of different elements i nthe smae mineral can change the what of the mineral
|
color
|
|
When minerals form slowly without space restrictions, they will develop
|
crystals
|
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The tendency of a mineral to break along planes of weak bonding is called
|
cleavage
|
|
The ratio of a mineral's mass to its volume is its
|
density
|
|
The mineral waht is strongly magnetic
|
magnetite
|
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Waht are the two most common elements found in Earth's continental crust
|
silicon and oxygen
|
|
In what way does an isotope vary from the common form of the same element
|
different mass number due to different neutrons
|
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Which of the following is true about rocks
|
most rocks are a mixture of minerals
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What is a naturally occurring, solid mass or minerals or mineral-like matter
|
a rock
|
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what is NOT considered to be a rock
|
lava
|
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Which is NOT one of the three types of rock
|
magma
|
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The three groups of rock are classified by
|
how they formed
|
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What type of rock should occur in the part of the rock cycle before weathering and erosin and after cooling
|
igneous
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What processes would be occurring in the part of the rock cycle after sediment but before sedimentary rock
|
compact and cementation
|
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What type of rock should occur in the part of the rock cycle after compaction and cementation and before heat and pressure
|
sedimentary
|
|
all of the energy that drives Earth's rock cycle comes from
|
earth's interior and the sun
|
|
What type of rocks are formed by processes powered by the sun
|
sedimentary rocks
|
|
where is the energy source found that drives the processes that form igneous and metamorphic rocks
|
earth's interior
|
|
a rock that forms when magma hardens beneath Earth's surface is called an
|
intrusive igneous rock
|
|
which of the following is an example of an extrusive igneous rock
|
rhyolite
|
|
a rock that forms from cooling lava is classified as an
|
extrusive igneous rock
|
|
when large masses of magma solidify far below Earth surface, they form igneous rocks that have a
|
coarse-grained texture
|
|
the igneous rock texture that is characterized by two distinctly different crystal sizes is called
|
porphuritic texture
|
|
lava that cools so quickly that ions do not have time to arrange themselves into crystals will form igneous rocks with a
|
glassy texture
|
|
as the rate of cooling of igneous rocks increases, the size of the crystals that form
|
decreases
|
|
a conglomerat is a rock that forms as a result of
|
compaction and cementation
|
|
what is the correct order of the processes involved in sedimentary rock formation
|
weathering, erosion, deposition, compaction, cementation
|
|
which sedimentary rock would most likely be deposited in a very high-energy stream
|
conglomerate
|
|
What is responsible for the formation of rock gypsum
|
precipitation from a water solution
|
|
what type of rock is compsed of very fine crystalline quartz
|
flint
|
|
what is a coarse-grained rock with angular fragments would be classified as a
|
breccia
|
|
clastic sedimentary rock with particles that are 1.5 millimeters in diameter would be classified as a
|
sandstone
|
|
what type of sedimentary rock is formed from weathered particle of rocks and minerals
|
clastic sedimentary rock
|
|
which of the following is a use for fossils found in sedimentary rocks
|
interpreting past environments, indicating when the rock formed, matching rocks of the same age found in different places
|
|
sedimentary rocks with ripple marks suggest that the rocks formed
|
along a beach or stream bed
|
|
what would a metamorphic rock most likely form
|
8 kilometers below earth's surface
|
|
the primary agent of contact metamorphism is
|
heat
|
|
most of the heat for contact metamorphism is supplied by
|
a nearby mass of magma
|
|
what rock-forming process occurs when hot magma forces its way into rock
|
contact metamorphism
|
|
what is NOT an agent of metamorphism
|
running wate
|
|
what change may occur during metamorphism
|
certain minerals amy recrystallize, the rock becoems more compact, and crystals may grow larger
|
|
a foliated metamorphic rock forms when crystals
|
combine and form visible bands
|
|
what metamorphic rock has a nonfoliated texture
|
marble
|
|
a metamorphic rock can be classified according to its
|
texture and composition
|
|
the foliated metamorphic rock that forms when the sedimentary rock shale is subjected to relatively low temperatures and pressure is
|
slate
|
|
a(n) what is a solid mass of mineral or mineral-like matter that occurs naturally
|
rock
|
|
rocks are generally classified as igneous, what, or metamorphic
|
sedimentary
|
|
the rock cycle is driven inernally by heat form what and externally by energy from the sun
|
Earth's interior
|
|
what rock form when magma hardens and cools
|
intrusive igneous
|
|
when igneous rocks cool rapidly, and ions do not have time to unite into an orderly crystalline what texture result
|
glassy
|
|
because of the way they form crystalline limestone and chert are classified as what sedimentary rocks
|
chemical
|
|
in an undisturbed sequence of sedimentary rocks, the oldest rocks would be at the what of the sequence
|
bottom
|
|
most what rocks form under conditions found a few kilometers under Earth's surface
|
metamorphic
|
|
large-scale folding of rocks during the process of mountain building is characterstic of a(n) what metamorphism setting
|
regional
|
|
metamorphic rocks that are composed of only one mineral, and that form large interlocking crystals, often have a(n) what texture
|
nonfoliated
|
|
the parent tock of the nonfoliated metamorphic rock called what is commoly a quartz sandstone
|
quartzite
|
|
what factor most influences the size of mineral crystals in igneous rocks
|
the cooling rate
|
|
what two characteristics used to classify igneous rock
|
texture, and composition
|
|
what is a fossil
|
any evidence of prehistoritic life
|
|
fossils are useful clues to geologists in many ways. What are two ways that fossils are useful to a geologists
|
it can show where the rock came from, and can tell how old the rock is
|
|
the process that occurs when physical forces break rock into smaller pieces without changing the rock's chemical composition is called what
|
mechanical weathering
|
|
what weathering process involves the constant freezing and thawing of water
|
frost wedging
|
|
what is NOT associated with mechanical weathering
|
reactions with oxygen
|
|
what is responsible for the formatin of exfoliation domes
|
unloading
|
|
what type of mechanical weathering is most common in mountainous regions in the middle latitudes
|
frost wedging
|
|
when water freezes, tis volume
|
increases
|
|
which of the following is NOT related to chemical weathering
|
frost wedging
|
|
the gradual rounding of the coners and edges of angular blocks of rock called what
|
spheroidal weathering
|
|
what is the result of chemical weathering
|
a rock that has been changed into one or more new compounds
|
|
whenever the characteristics and chemical compostion of weathered materials have been altered, they have undergone
|
chemical weathering
|
|
what is NOT a factor that affects the rate of weathering in rocks
|
biological evolution
|
|
which of these factors affect the rate of weathering
|
climate, chemical composition of the exposed rock, and surface area of th exposed rock
|
|
chemical weathering would be
|
most effective in a warm, humid climate
|
|
what is NOT a major component of soil
|
earthworms
|
|
the factor that has the greatest effect on soil formation is
|
climate
|
|
a soil's texture is determined by
|
particle size
|
|
the main source of organic matter in soil is
|
plants
|
|
what is a soil called that has 20 percent clay, 60 percent silt, and 20 percent sand
|
silty loam
|
|
what are the proportions of clay, silt, and sand
|
clay: 10 percent; silt:20 percent; sand:70 percent
|
|
what are the proportions of clay, silt, and sand
|
clay: 20 percent; silt: 40 percent; sand: 40 percent
|
|
in a well-developed soil profile, which horizon is the uppermost layer
|
the A horizon
|
|
soil that forms on unconsolidated deposits is called
|
transported soil
|
|
a soil that is characteristic of the humid eastern United States is
|
pedalfer
|
|
a soil associated with the hot and wet tropics is
|
laterite
|
|
laterite soils contain high amounts of
|
iron oxide
|
|
what is NOT true of laterite soils
|
they are very productive agriculturally
|
|
the rate of soil erosion depends on
|
climate, slope steepness, and the type of vegetation
|
|
what is the order for water eroding soil
|
sheet erosion, rills, gullies
|
|
the process responsible for moving material downslope under the influence of gravity is called
|
soil formatin
|
|
what is the force behind mass movements
|
gravity
|
|
what is NOT true about mass movements
|
mass movements always led to landslides
|
|
what factor commonly triggers mass movements
|
saturation of surface materials with water, earthquakes, and removal of vegetation
|
|
why can the removal of vegetation trigger mass movements
|
the plant roots bind the soil and regolith together
|
|
during what season would you expect mass movements to be a greater threat
|
a wet spring before vegetation is growing
|
|
a mass movement that involves the sudden movement of a block of material along a flat, inclined surface is called a
|
slide
|
|
when a block of material moves downslope along a curved surface, the type of mass movement is called
|
a slump
|
|
what is the slowest type of mass movement
|
creep
|
|
which of the following statements best descrives a slump
|
slippage of a block of material moving along a curved surface
|
|
alternate freezing and thawing ofen leads to
|
creep
|
|
the process called waht involves physical forces that break rock into smaller pieces
|
mechanical weathering
|
|
in the process of what, water freezes and expands, enlarging cracks in rocks
|
frost wedging
|
|
the processes called what occurs when large masses or igneous rock, particularly grantem begin to break loose like the layers of an onion
|
exfoliation
|
|
a large pile of debris that forms at the base of a slope is called
|
talus
|
|
What is the process that changes rock into one or more new compounds called
|
chemical weathering
|
|
clime, amount of surface areas of exposed rock, and what else are factors that affect the rate of weathering
|
rock characteristics
|
|
the layer of rock and mineral fragments produced by weathering, and covering nearly all of Earth's land surface, is called what
|
regolith
|
|
the portion of regolith that supports plant growth is called
|
soil
|
|
soils are divided into xones known as
|
horizons
|
|
a vertical section through all of the soil horizons is called
|
soil profile
|
|
what is a soil type that forms in temperate areas, and is characterized by the accumulation of iron oxides and aluminum-rich clays
|
pedalfer
|
|
large amounts of calcium carbonate are typical of the type of soil called
|
pedocal
|
|
what is a soil type that has undergone intense chemical weathering in a wet, tropic area, and is rich in iron oxide and aluminum oxides
|
laterite
|
|
human activities that remove vegetation have resulted in a(n) what in soil erosion
|
increase
|
|
the downslope movement of rock, regolith, and soil under the direct influence of gravity is called a(n)
|
mass movement
|
|
the force that drives mass movements is
|
gravity
|
|
the downward movement of a block of material along a curved surface is called a(n)
|
slump
|
|
what is the slowest type of mass movement, involves the lifting and contractiong of soil particles over time
|
creep
|
|
what are three factors that affect the rate of weathering
|
rock characteristics, weathering, and climate
|
|
What comes from the clouds and goes into the ocean
|
precipitation
|
|
what is from the top of the land to the bottom
|
infiltation
|
|
what is the energy for a water cycle
|
the sun
|
|
the water cycle if the
|
unending circulation of Earth's water supply
|
|
Plants release water into the atmosphere through a process called
|
transpiration
|
|
balance in the water cycle means that
|
average anual precipitation over Earth equals the amount of water that evaporates
|
|
the average annual precipitation worldwide must equal the quanity of water
|
evaporated
|
|
the ability of a stream to erode and transport material depends largely on its
|
velocity
|
|
what does NOT influence stream velocity
|
stream elevation
|
|
along straight stretches of a stream channgel, the highest velocities of water are found in what part of the stream
|
near the water surface in the center of the stream
|
|
if you were to examine the profile of a typical stream, you would probably find that th gradient is
|
steepest near the land
|
|
the vertical drop of a stream channel over a certain distance is called
|
gradient
|
|
a stream's discharge
|
increases between its source and mouth
|
|
if a river originates 200 meters above sea level and travels 400 kilometers to the ocean, what is the average gradient in meters per kilometer
|
0.5 m/k
|
|
as stream discharge increasesm which of the following occurs
|
stream velocity, channel, width, and depth all increase
|
|
Base level is
|
the lowest point to which a stream can erode its channel
|
|
What is the ultimate base level of a stream
|
the ocean
|
|
lowering a stream's base level will cause the stream to
|
downcut
|
|
the suspended load of a stream
|
usually consists of fine sand, silt, and clay-sized particles
|
|
the capactiy of a stream is directly related to its
|
discharge
|
|
what is the measure of the largest particles a stream can carry
|
gradient
|
|
a natural levee is
|
a depositional feature parallel to the stream channel
|
|
occasionally, deposition causes the main channel of a stream to divide into several smaller channels caleld
|
distributaries
|
|
the flat portion of a valley floor adjacent to a stream channel is called a
|
floodplain
|
|
the most prominent features of a narrow V-shaped valley, where the stream profile drops rapidly are
|
rapids and waterfalls
|
|
one traditional flood control method has been to attempt to keep the stream's flow within its channel by creating
|
artificial levees
|
|
limiting development on floodplains is effective because it
|
allows floodplains to absorb floodwaters with little harm to structures
|
|
what are the boundaries called that separate streams in adjacent drainage basins
|
divides
|
|
what feature(s) will be formed along the hillside
|
springs
|
|
groundwater is found underground in the zone of
|
saturation
|
|
permeable rock layers or sediments that transmit groundwater freely are called
|
aquifers
|
|
the percentage of the total volume of rock or sediment that consists of pore spaces are called
|
porosity
|
|
what is a measure of material's ability to transmit fluids through interconnected pore spaces
|
permeability
|
|
when groundwater enters underground fractures or caverns in hot igneous rocks, where it is heated to boiling temperatures, what feature can form
|
geyser
|
|
any formatin in which groundwater rises on its own under pressure is a(n)
|
artesian well
|
|
the depression often produced in the water table, when water is pumped from a well, is called
|
the cone of depression
|
|
caverns most commonly form in what type of bedrock
|
limestone
|
|
which type of rock usually underlies a karst landscape
|
limestone
|
|
sinkholes can form when
|
rainwater containing carbon dioxide dissolved underground rock
|
|
what is associated with areas of karst topography
|
sinkholes, sinking streams, and caverns
|
|
what is NOT common in an area of karst topography
|
surface drainage systems
|
|
the release of water vapor into the atmosphere by plants in referred to as
|
transpiration
|
|
in order to maintain Earth's water balance, evaporation exceeds precipitation over what
|
exceeds
|
|
precipitation exceeds evaporation over what
|
land
|
|
the ability of a stream to erode and transport materials is determined mainly by the stream's
|
velocity
|
|
the what of a stream is the amount of water flowing past a certain point in a given unit of time
|
discharge
|
|
the maximum depth to which a stream can erode is called
|
base level
|
|
the what of a stream is measure of the maximum size of particles it can transport
|
competence
|
|
an accumulation of sediment formed where a stream enters a lake or the ocean is called a(n)
|
delta
|
|
a(n) what is the flat, low-lying portion of a stream valley that is covered with water during floods
|
floodplain
|
|
artificial levees and dams are structures used to control
|
floods
|
|
the land area that contributes water to a stream is referred to as the stream's
|
drainage basin
|
|
the upper limit of the zone of saturation is called the
|
water table
|
|
an intermittent hot spring in which a column of water shoots up with great force at various intervals is a(n)
|
geyser
|
|
groundwater what can be caused by leaking septic systems, leaking landfills, and agricultural chemicals
|
pollution
|
|
caverns form at or below the water table in the zone of
|
aeration
|
|
landscapes that have been shaped largely by the dissolving power of gorundwater are said to have
|
karst topography
|
|
what is true about ice sheets
|
they flow in all directions
|
|
the Antarctic Ice Sheet in the Southern Hemisphere
|
holds almost two-thirds of Earth's fresh water
|
|
a thich ice mass that forms over the land from the accumulation, compaction, and recrystallization of snow is a
|
glacier
|
|
currently, about what percent of Earth's land surface is covered by glaciers
|
10%
|
|
what is NOT true about glaciers
|
they exist only in the Northern Hemisphere
|
|
where do glaciers form
|
in areas where more snow falls than melts
|
|
the loosening and lifting of blocks or rock by glacier is called
|
till
|
|
icebergs are produced when large peices of ice break off from the front of a glacier during a process called
|
calving
|
|
what is the term for all sediments of glacial origin
|
glacial drift
|
|
one characteristic of glacial movement is taht
|
the movement depends on the balance between accumulation and wastage
|
|
what is the zone above the snowline on a glacier called
|
zone of accumulatin
|
|
a bowl-shaped drepression at the head of a glacial valley is a(n)
|
cirque
|
|
what isthe moraine called that marks the farthest advance of a glacier
|
terminal end moraine
|
|
what is NOT an effect that Pleistocene glaciers had on the landscape
|
extinctin of the dinosaurs
|
|
what is formed by glacial erosion
|
the Great Lakes
|
|
In the desert, ephermeral streams
|
run only after it rains
|
|
dry, flat lake beds located in the center of basins in arid areas are called
|
playas
|
|
A cone of debris is debris deposited by running water at the mouth of a canyon in an arid area is known as a(n)
|
alluvial fan
|
|
what force causes most of the erosion in desert areas
|
running water
|
|
why can a heavy rain shower cause a large amount of erosion in a desert area
|
there is a lack of vegetation to hold the soil in place
|
|
the rust-colored tint of some desert landscapes is the result of
|
chemical weathering
|
|
what is the main type of weathering in deserts
|
physical weathering
|
|
the weathered debris in deserts consists maninly of
|
unchanged rock and mineral fragments
|
|
what is NOT true about weathering in deserts
|
there is no chemical weathering in deserts
|
|
desert pavement is created as a result of
|
delfation
|
|
abrasion changes the desert surface by
|
cutting and polishing exposed rock surfaces
|
|
the action of abrasion can best be described as
|
a windblown sand cutting and polishing exposed rock surfaces
|
|
what is a blowout
|
a shallow depression caused by deflation
|
|
deflation affected the Dust Bowl in the 1930s by
|
lowering the land
|
|
how does wind transport sand grains
|
by saltation as part of the bed load
|
|
in desert areas, what process results in the formation of a desert pavement
|
deflation
|
|
windblown silt that blankets a landscape is called
|
desert pavement
|
|
what is NOT deposited by wind
|
till
|
|
when wind creates a sand dune, the sheltered side of the dune
|
is steeper than the windward side
|
|
over time, sand dunes tend to migrate
|
in the same direction as the wind blows
|
|
if the steep face of a sand dune is on the southeast side of the dune, then the prevailing wind in this area is from the
|
northwest
|
|
the thick loess deposits in South Dakota, Nebraska, and Iowa
|
had their source of glacial sediments
|
|
sand dunes that form scalloped row of sand at right angles to the wind are called
|
barchanoid dunes
|
|
dunes whose tips point into the wind are called
|
parabolic dunes
|
|
long sand ridges that are oriented more or less parallel to the prevailing wind are called
|
longitudinal dunes
|
|
the shape of star dunes is mostly due to
|
variable wind directions
|
|
what type of sand dune would most likely form if the sand supply is limited, the wind direction is constant, and vegetation is sparse
|
barchan dunes
|
|
the small glaciers that exist in high mountainous areas are called
|
valley glaciers
|
|
the only what that exist today are found covering Greenland and Antarctica
|
ice sheets
|
|
in a process called what, glaciers smooth and polish the bedrock below, creating a pulverized substance called rock flour
|
abrasion
|
|
material deposited directly by glacial is called
|
till
|
|
the way a glacier moves depends on the balance, or lack of balance, between, what and wastage
|
accumulation
|
|
what is a streamlined asymmetrical hill composed of till
|
drumlin
|
|
what is a U-shaped valley produced by the erosion of a valley glacier
|
glacial trough
|
|
what is unsorted sediment laid down by glacial meltwater
|
stratified drift
|
|
the Pleistocene ice sheets greatly affected what patterns over large regions of North America
|
drainage
|
|
what is a cone of debris left at the mouth of a desert canyon
|
alluvial fan
|
|
most weathered debris in a desert is the result of what weathering
|
physical
|
|
the lifting and removal of loose material by wind is called
|
deflation
|
|
desert rock surfaces are cut and polished by windblown sand in a process known as
|
abrasion
|
|
deposits of windblown silt are called
|
loess
|
|
most sand dunes have a gently sloping what side
|
windward
|
|
what is a streamlined asymmetrical hill composed of till
|
drumlin
|
|
what is a U-shaped valley produced by the erosion of a valley glacier
|
glacial trough
|
|
what is unsorted sediment laid down by glacial meltwater
|
stratified drift
|
|
the Pleistocene ice sheets greatly affected what patterns over large regions of North America
|
drainage
|
|
what is a cone of debris left at the mouth of a desert canyon
|
alluvial fan
|
|
most weathered debris in a desert is the result of what weathering
|
physical
|
|
the lifting and removal of loose material by wind is called
|
deflation
|
|
desert rock surfaces are cut and polished by windblown sand in a process known as
|
abrasion
|
|
deposits of windblown silt are called
|
loess
|
|
most sand dunes have a gently sloping what side
|
windward
|
|
long sand ridges oriented at right angels to the wind form what dunes
|
transverse
|
|
a fault is
|
a fracture in the Earth where movement has occurred
|
|
an earthquake's epicenter is
|
the place on the surface directly above the focus
|
|
when an earthquake occurs, energy radiates in all directions from its source, which is called the
|
focus
|
|
earthquakes are usually associated with
|
faults
|
|
what is the cause of an earthquake
|
elastic rebound
|
|
the hypothesis that explains the release of energy during an earthquake is called the
|
elastic rebound hypothesis
|
|
most earthquakes are produced by the rapid release of which kind of energy stored in rock subjected to great forces
|
elastic
|
|
during an earthquake, the ground surface
|
can move in any direction
|
|
the adjustments of materials that follow a major earthquake often generate smaller earthquakes called
|
Aftershocks
|
|
Major earthquakes are sometimes preceded by small earthquakes called
|
For shops
|
|
To slow continuous manner that occurs along some fall zones as the first to ask
|
Creep
|
|
The San Francisco earthquake of 1906 occurred a long walk faults this emphasis will fault
|
The San Francisco fault
|
|
Small for sharks are preceding major earthquake occurred
|
Days a reader's before the major earthquake
|
|
Which waves travel most rapidly
|
P waves
|
|
What is true about P waves
|
they travel faster than S waves
|
|
What seismic waves compress and expand rocks in the direction the waves travel
|
P waves
|
|
A seismogram shows that P waves travel
|
faster than S waves
|
|
What is NOT a characteristic of S waves
|
they temporarily change the volume of material by compression and expansion
|
|
Overall, which seismic waves are the most destructive
|
surface waves
|
|
what is the minimum number of seismic stations that is needed to determine the location of an earthquake's epicenter
|
three
|
|
a travel-time graph can be used to find the
|
distance to the epicenter of an earthquake
|
|
the distance between seismic station and the earthquake epicenter is determined form the
|
arrival times of P and S waves
|
|
an earthquake's magnitude is a meausre of the
|
size of seismic waves it produces
|
|
the scale most widely used by scientists for measuring earthquakes is the
|
moment magniture scale
|
|
what instrument records earthquake waves
|
seismograph
|
|
the amount of shaking produced by an earthquake at a given location is called th
|
intensity
|
|
the trace that records an earthquake from seismic instruments is called a
|
seismogram
|
|
how much of an increase in wave amplitude is seen from an earthquake measuring 5.4 on th Richter scale copared to one measuring 4.4
|
ten times
|
|
The Richter magnitude of an earthquake is determined from the
|
measurement of the amplitude of the largest seismic waves
|
|
which of the following affects the amount of destruction caused by earthquakes vibrations
|
the design of structures, the intensity and duration of the vibrations, and the nature of the material on which structures are built
|
|
which area would the damage from an earthquake measuring 6.8 likely be the greatest
|
area with older brick structures
|
|
which of the following areas would most likely be the safest during a major earthquake
|
area with granite bedrock
|
|
Tsunamis are
|
often generated by movements of the ocean floor
|
|
a succession of ocean waves set in motion by a submarine earthquake is called a(n)
|
tsunami
|
|
in areas where unconsolidated sediments are saturated with water, earthquakes can turn stable soil into a fluid through a process called
|
liquefaction
|
|
a building that settles unevenly after an earthquake is evidence of
|
liquefaction
|
|
a tsunami can occur when there is vertical movemnt at a fault under
|
the ocean floor
|
|
violent shaking from an earthquake can cause soil and rock on slopes to fail and cause a
|
landslide
|
|
why do earthquakes often cause damaging fires
|
Earthquake vibrations can break gas lines, water lines, and electrical lines
|
|
what is used in an attempt to make short-range predictins of when earthquakes will occur
|
strain in rocks near faults
|
|
long-range earthquakes forecasts are based on the idea that earthquakes are
|
repetitive
|
|
what layers of Earth make up the lithosphere
|
the crust and upper mantle
|
|
what is the next to the outside layer of the earth
|
the mantle
|
|
earth's thin, rocky outer layer is its
|
crust
|
|
the Moho is
|
boundary between the crust and the mantle
|
|
Most of the information about Earth's interior obtained by studying
|
earthquake waves
|
|
through which Earth layer are S waves NOT transmitted
|
outer core
|
|
Earth's core is made of an alloy of
|
iron and nickel
|
|
The continental crust has the average composition of
|
basalt
|
|
Evidence that Earth's core has a high iron content comes from
|
the study of earthquake waves
|
|
Earth's inner core is solid because
|
immense pressure
|
|
the greatest conentration of metals occurs in Earth's
|
core
|
|
the location of Earth's surface above the point where an earthquake starts is the
|
epicenter
|
|
movements that follows a major earthquake ofen produces smaller earthquakes called
|
aftershock
|
|
the springing back of rock after it has been deformed is known as
|
elastc rebound
|
|
the seismic waves that travel through Earth's interior are what waves
|
body
|
|
the difference in the what P waves and S wves is used to locate an earthquake's epicenter
|
velocities
|
|
moment magnitude estimates the amount of what an earthquake releases, and is derived from the amount of displacement along a(n) what
|
energy, fault
|
|
the amount of damage that results from an earthquake depends on the intensity and duration of the earthquake, the nature of the material on which structures are built, and
|
building design
|
|
the tsunami warning system protects coastal areas around the what ocean
|
Pacific
|
|
an area along a fault where there has not been any earthquake activity in a long period of time is called a(n)
|
seismic gap
|
|
the relatively soft, weak layer of rock below the lithosphere is the
|
asthenosphere
|
|
the change in the physical properties of Earth's interior at the mantle-core boundary makes P waves what as they pass through the boundary
|
bend
|