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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What does the Endocrine system do? |
Endocrine glands release hormones into interstitual fliud, which makes it's way to the blood. Travels through the blood. |
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What does the Exocrine system do? |
Exocrine glands release chemicals into ducts. Travels through ducts. |
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If chemicals travel through ducts what is the system called? |
Exocrine |
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If chemicals travel through the blood, what is the system called? |
Endocrine |
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What is homeostasis in relation to this unit? |
Slight changes in the bodies internal environment are corrected so that the body remains in a steady state. |
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What system is is fast to respond, but has a short length of responding? |
Nervous System |
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What system is slower to respond, but has a longer response time? |
Endocrine |
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What maintains homeostasis? |
Feedback Loops |
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What are the three things that work when there is a change in the bodies internal environment? |
Receptor- detects change (blood sugar, temp) Control center- integrates a response Effector- causes a response (insulin is low so tells hands to generate insulin) |
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Explain Negative Feedback loops |
**Causes opposite response and allows us to maintain homeostasis** (ex. get too hot, you sweat. get too cold, you shiver) |
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What happens when your blood sugar drops ?(Negative feedback loop) |
Blood sugar lowers, Glucagon is released, which slows the conversion of sugar being stored in the cells, which causes blood sugar to raise, which causes it to return to normal |
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What happens when your blood sugar increases? (negative feedback loops) |
Blood sugar increases, Insulin releases, which speeds up the conversion of sugar being stored in cells, which causes blood sugar to lower and eventually return to normal |
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Explain positive feedback loops |
**Doesn't happen often and prevents homeostasis by amplifying the change in the bodies internal environment** |
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Examples of when you do want a positive feedback to occur |
Oxycotin is released during childbirth because the farther away the cervix gets from homeostasis, the easier it is for baby to come out. More oxycotin, larger cervix, which makes stronger contractions= baby |
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What are hormones? (lots of info) |
-Chemicals that participate in cell-to-cell communication (like how the body naturally 'texts') -Within/to other organisms -**Hormone produced in one part of body can affect cell in another part of the body** **Only small amounts are needed to cause a response** |
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Hormones that affect many different cells are? |
Non-Target hormones |
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Give an example of a non-target hormone and explain what it does |
When insulin is released, it goes into the blood, which goes all throughout the body. This hormone goes everywhere and affects everything. Blood sugar, urine, etc |
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What is a target hormone? |
-hormone that affects specific areas and types of cells -Exocrine system is an example because that system is certain glands producing hormones that travel through specific ducts and communicate to certain things. Not the entire body. |
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Tropic hormones |
-affects other ENDOCRINE glands -Pituitary gland = master endocrine gland (ex. goes through blood and affects thyroid) |
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What are the two ways hormones work? |
Non-soluble hormones (fat soluble) and water soluble |
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Explain the two ways hormones work |
Non soluble/ fat soluble go into the cell by passing the PLB. Since the PLB is made up lipids, the hormone can essentially glide right in and bond to a receptor in a cell. Ex. Steroids Water soluble hormones aren't permeable to the lipids in the PLB so they have to bind to receptors on the membrane/surface of the cell |
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Hypothalamus (in relation to this unit) |
Main integrating center. controls endocrine response |
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Pituitary gland |
-small organ that sits below the hypothalamus -highly vascularized -made up of two parts called the anterior and posterior |
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Anterior Pituitary Gland (Adenohypophysis) |
-Originates as a part of the roof of the mouth -The hypo. can only communicate to the A.P.G through releasing hormones Ex. THS, ACTH, Prolactin, FHS, LH, HGH, MSH |
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Posterior Pituitary Gland (Neurohypophysis) |
-Extension of the hypothalamus, cells within the hypo. are continuous with the neurohypophysis. -Hormones produced in the hypo. are released from the P.P.G ex. Oxytocin, ADH |
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What hormones affect your sugar metabolism? |
Insulin and Glucagon |
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How does insulin affect sugar metabolism? |
Insulin is produced in the pancreas by a specialized structure called The Islets of Langerhans (these release the hormone directly into the blood) -Beta cells produce this ***If BS levels increase, insulin is released, insulin increases permeability to glucose, glucose moves into the cell and gets converted to glycogen** |
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Glucagon + sugar metabolism? |
-Islets of Langerhans release this -alpha cells release this **-When released, hydrolysis occurs which converts glycogen back into glucose*** |
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Explain a normal day in relation to BS levels |
-Normal day consists of both insulin and glycogen being released -digestion causes BS to increase exercise/ not eating causes Glycogen to be released |
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Hyperglycemia |
High blood sugar levels |
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Hypoglycemia |
Low blood sugar levels |
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Glucocorticoids (corticosteroids) |
-converts proteins and lipids into glucose |
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Examples of glucocorticoids |
-Cortisol (stress hormone/ produced in the adrenal gland which sits on kidney) |
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Adrenal gland |
-sits on kidney -two parts: Medulla and cortex medulla is inside part cortex is outside part |
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Example of a negative feedback loop involving cortisol |
1-Stress//weight gain 2-Hypothalamus 3-Communicates to Anterior pituitary gland through releasing hormones 4-ACTH is released (Adrenal cortisol tropic hormone) 5-Adrenal Cortex 6-Cortisol is released from A.C 7-Cortisol acts on body cells 8-This increases BS levels which will inhibit the hypo. from communicating to A.P.G |
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Epinephrine/Norepinephrine |
-both produced in the adrenal medulla -medulla's derived from cells of the NS -Released as a result from symp. NS (respiration/heart rate= increased glucose levels) -both flight or fight |
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Difference between epinephrine and norepinephrine? |
Epinephrine= affects heart rate and metabolism Norepinephrine= affects BS, how fast heart pumps, how cells convert sugar into ATP. |