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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the 5 things that extreme environments are classified based upon. |
1. Temperature 2. Moisture 3. pH 4. Salinity 5. Contamination |
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What are the characteristics of microbes that live in extreme low temperature environments. |
They function with minimal energy and the water holds the maximum amount of dissolved oxygen. If there are low O2 concentrations then there will be high H2S concentrations |
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what is an example of a extreme hot temperature environment and microbial activity in that area |
1. Geothermal Hot Springs 2. Thermos aquaticus microbe is molecularly stable and flexible. |
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What is an example of a UV stressed environment and what are characteristics of the microbes that live there. |
1. The Atacona Desert in Chile 2. Limited productivity, The microbial communities hide under rocks and secret Extracellular Polysaccharides. |
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What is an example of a Aphotic environment, what are some characteristics and examples of microbes that can live in those areas. |
1. Deep Sea Thermal Vents 2. They Support chemolithoautotrophs that cannot use oxygen but instead use: H2S, CO2, Fe, CH4, inc, or CO. 3. Worms, microbial gardening and microinvertibrates can live in these conditions. |
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What is a Chemolithoautotroph. |
They obtain their energy from Chemicals found in rocks and produce the energy themselves. |
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What is a Chemoautotroph. |
A microbe that obtains and produces its own food energy from chemicals. |
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What are the three characteristics of an Acid Mine Drainage. |
1. pH < 3 2. Comes from pyrite: FES2 ---> SO4 + H 3. The lower the pH the higher the malleability of the metal in the H2O and Soil. |
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What are the four characteristics of Carbonate Caves. |
1. No Primary Productivity 2. Dissolved Organic Matter comes form moisture percolating into the caves. 3. Spleothans, which are stalactites that drip the percolation. 4. Low Microbial growth.
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What are the three characteristics of a Microscope. |
1. Resolution: The clarity of the microscope. 2. Magnification 3. Contrast |
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What are the three uses for a microscope. |
1. Identification and Detection 2. Enumeration 3. To Describe characteristics. |
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What is Bright Field Microscopy. What is Dark Field Microscopy. |
1. Allows us to see dark colored cells by using a light source 2. Allows us to see bright, alive, and non-stained cells. |
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What is phase-contrast microscopy. What is differential interference contrast microscopy. |
1. Cell walls contrast against a dark background 2. Similar colored to contrast, shows the depth of cells. |
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What is Fluorescent microscopy. What are the two different stains used. |
1. Staining the cells that cause them to glow 2. a. Acridic Orange - stains them orange b. Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization - stains antibodies. |
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What is confucal laser scanning microscopy. What is Flow cytometry microscopy. |
1. Produces a 3-D image because a laser passes over the specimen. 2. Uses a laser that stays in one location. (good for enumeration) |
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What is Electron Microscopy. What are the two types of electron microscopy. |
1. Short wavelengths of electron beams (can reach 1 million magnification) 2. a. Scanning Electron Microscopy - an electron beam scans the specimens. b. Transmission electron microscopy. |
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What are the two types of extraction methods. |
1. Physical - Material shaking, glass beads. 2. Chemical - Water and tween 80 (10%) |
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What is the plating method. |
Streak plating - grow a pure culture by isolating colonies. |
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What are the two types of culture media. |
1. Selective - The media will grow only specific microbes. 2. differential - Visually see a difference in microbes |
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How do we culture viruses. |
By using a host, animal cells. |
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What is a viral plague array |
It enumerates plaques of no-cell growth. |
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When referring to DNA what do ATGC pair with. |
1. Aderime=thymine A=T 2. Cetosine=Guanine G=C |
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What is the process by which DNA turns into Product. |
1. DNA ---> mRNA through Transcription 2. mRNA ---> Protein through translation 3. Protein ---> Product through Enzymatic processes. |
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What is used in DNA replication. What is used to transcribe DNA into mRNA. What is used to translate mRNA into protein. |
1. DNA polymerase 2. RNA polymerase 3. Ribosomes |
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What are the two ways to extract DNA. |
1. Physical - Freeze/thaw cycles, Ginding, or Sonication 2. Chemical - SDS or Lysozyme |
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How do you clean up the DNA extraction Process |
1. Ethanol precipitation 2. Cesium Chloride 3. Phenol Chloroform extraction |
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What are the three ways to determine composition of DNA |
1. Sequence Identification 2. Hybridization 3. G-C content |
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What are the three steps to a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) |
1. Dematarization - separation of stuents using Taq polymerase 2. Arnalism - Bonds forming between complimentary base pairs using DNA polymerase 3. Replication |
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What type of genetic material are viruses made of.
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Either DNA or RNA |
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What are restriction enzymes. |
Enzymes that recognize specific base-pair patterns in DNA, and are then used to cut replicated DNA at specified positions (after specified patterns). |
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What is a microarray. |
DNA on a chip filled with probes |
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What is restriction fragment length polymorphism. |
The entire genome of a particular or group of organisms. |
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What are the three things that recumbent DNA methods are used for. |
1. Find new or identical genes 2. Characterize/ID unculturable microbes 3. Screen for activity in a sample. |
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Draw the Carbon Cycle |
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Draw the Nitrogen Cycle |
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Draw the Sulfur Cycle |
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What occurs during Nitrogen fixation, nitrification, and denitrification. |
1. Nitrogen fixation (aerobic) N2 ---> NH4+ 2. Nitrification (aerobic) NH4+ ---> NO2- ---> NO3- 3. Deitrification (anaerobic) NO3- ---> NO ---> N20 ---> N2
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What occurs during assimilatory nitrate reduction and during dissimilatory nitrate reduction. |
1. Assimilatory Nitrate Reduction (aerobic) NO3- ---> NH3+ 2. Disimmilatory Nitrate Reduction (anaerobic) No3- ---> NO2- ---> NH4+ |
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What occurs during assimilatory sulfate reduction and during disimilatory sulfate reduction. |
1. Assimilatory Sulfate Reduction (aerobic) H2S --->SO4 2- ----> R-SH 2. Dissimilatory Sulfate Reduction (anaerobic) SO4 2- ---> H2S |
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What occurs during Sulfur oxidation and during phototrophic oxidation. |
1. Sulfur Oxidation (aerobic) (chemoautotrophic) H2S ---> S ---> SO4 2- 2. Phototrophic Oxidation (anaerobic) (photoautotrophic) Purple and Green Sulfur Bacteria form. |
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Why do we need SO4 2-. Why do we need H2S. |
1. SO4 2- moves metal particles. 2. H2S is used in distribution systems |
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What are the six types (and describe each) of microbial diversity |
1. Individual - One organism 2. Population - A group of genetically related organism 3. Guild - Populations in the same area competing for resources. 4. Community - All guilds present in an environment 5. Assemblage - All guilds present in a sample 6. Ecosystem - Microbial community, biotic and abiotic factors. |
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What are the three ways to classify a microbial community.
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1. Genetics 2. Morphology 3. Functions
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What are the three ways species are identified.
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1. Culturing 2. Staining 3. DNA Hybridization |
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What are the 8 diversity factors and the ideal conditions for each. |
1. pH - Neutral (7) 2. Vegetation - necessary depending on type 3. Water content - Moderate level 4. O2 concentration - Aerobic 5. Temperature - Moderate (20-40 C) 6. Organic Matter - High concentration 7. Soil Depth - Close to Surface 8. Organic Constituents - None |
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What are Mutualism and Synergism |
1. Mutualism - Two organisms sharing and both benefiting 2. Synergism - Sharing energy to obtain greater amounts of nutrients with greater benefit. |
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What are Commensalism and Neutralism |
1. Commensalism - One organism benefits the other organism is not harmed or benefited. 2. Neutralism - little interaction, all organisms stay the same |
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What are Predation and Paracitism |
1. Predation - One organism consumes another 2. Parasitism - A parasite attached to an organism and takes the nutrients they intake but do not kill the organism. |
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What are Amensalism and Competition |
1. Amensalism - One population remains neutral and a second population is harmed. 2. Competition - Both organisms are negatively impacted |
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What are Co-metabolism and consoslationalism. |
1. Co-metabolism - One population does a metabolic process but cannot use the metabolite produced so they give it to another organism that needs it. 2. Consoslionalism - All organisms work together to produce. |
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What are Microbial Megacommunities |
1. High numbers of organisms and a lot of diversity 2. Examples: a. Biofilms/ Wastewater Treatment Facilities/ Exopolysaccharides b. Rhyzosphere - Synergistic relationship |