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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what percentage of fish is caught within 320 km (200 mi) of the shore
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95%
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where was the first UN Conference on the Law of the Sea held
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Geneva, Switzerland
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how far does a country's territorial sea extend
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12 miles
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how far does a country's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) extend
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200 nautical miles
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what has made the UN Law of the Sea treaty so controversial
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mineral mining rights
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what percentage of the oceans are controlled by nations
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42%
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which is more likely to occur in a shallow estuary: halocline or isohaline column
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isohaline column
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line of constant depth
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isobath
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line of constant salinity
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isohaline
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line of constant temperature
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isotherm
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study of freshwater bodies
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limnology
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surface of constant density
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isopycnal
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what is the approximate freezing temperature (melting point) of seawater
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-2 degrees Celsius
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do high and low latitude coastal waters tend to have thermoclines or are they isothermal
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isothermal near coasts
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what causes coastal geostrophic currents
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runoff, wind
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what is the general direction of coastal geostrophic currents
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parallel to coast, opposite of main current
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example of a coastal geostrophic current
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Davidson Current, Washington and Oregon coasts
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partially enclosed body of ocean water diluted by freshwater runoff
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estuary
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type of estuary marked by a drowned river valley
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coastal plain estuary
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steep-sided estuary formed by glacier carving out a valley
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fjord
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shallow estuary in a lagoon separated from ocean by barrier islands
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bar-built estuary
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classify the type of estuaries formed here: Chesapeake Bay
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coastal plain estuary
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classify the type of estuaries formed here: Alaska, Canada, New Zealand, Chile, Norway
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fjords
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classify the type of estuary: Pamlico Sound
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bar-built estuary
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classify the type of estuaries formed here: US Gulf and east coasts
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bar-built estuaries
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estuary formed by faulting or folding of rocks
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tectonic estuary
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classify the type of estuary: San Francisco Bay
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tectonic estuary
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shallow estuary with uniform salinity from top to bottom
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vertically mixed estuary
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moderately deep estuary with two layers of differing salinity
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slightly stratified estuary
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deep estuary with a strong halocline and deep layer of ocean water
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highly stratified estuary
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deep estuary formed by intrusion of saltwater beneath the freshwater typical for high-volume rivers
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salt wedge estuary
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process of freshwater getting more salty as it mixes with ocean water
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entrainment
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net flow in stratified estuaries of low-salinity surface water toward ocean and high-salinity subsurface water toward shore
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estuarine circulation pattern
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waters with no oxygen due to decomposition of organic matter on the bottom
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anoxic waters
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waters with little oxygen due to decomposition of organic matter on the bottom
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hypoxic waters
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ecosystem with the water table close to the surface, resulting in saturated ground most of the time
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wetland
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2 common types of wetland
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salt marsh, mangrove swamp
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plants that thrive in salty environments
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halophytic plants (halophytes)
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below what latitudes are these restricted to: salt marsh, mangrove swamps
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65 degrees, 30 degrees
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what ecosystem is efficient at cleansing polluted water
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wetland
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remains of marsh plants that get buried and can be burned later
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peat deposits
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rate of wetland loss in the US
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8,100 hectares (20,000 acres) per year
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protected, shallow body of ocean water
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lagoon
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water with salinity between that of ocean water and freshwater
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brackish water
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water in a lagoon that is excessively salty due to high evaporation
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hypersaline water
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long, narrow, shallow, hypersaline lagoon off the coast of Texas that has the opposite of normal estuarine circulation
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Laguna Madre
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large semi-isolated bodies of water at the edges of the oceans
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marginal seas
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remnant marginal sea of the ancient Tethys Sea
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Mediterranean Sea
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channel connecting Mediterranean to: Atlantic Ocean, Black Sea
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Strait of Gibraltar; Bosporus
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2 divisions of Mediterranean Sea based on circulation patterns
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Aegean Sea, Adriatic Sea
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underwater depositional ridge that separates parts of the Mediterranean
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sill
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flow of high-salinity subsurface water out of and lower-salinity water into the Mediterranean
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Mediterranean circulation
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introduction of man-made substances or energy that harm the environment
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pollution
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determination of concentration of pollutants that harm marine life
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bioassay
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tanker that ran aground and lost lots of petroleum in Prince William Sound, Alaska
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Exxon Valdez
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event when oil was intentionally spilled in 1991 and was the greatest release of oil ever
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Persian Gulf War
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oil drilling station in the Gulf of Mexico that had the largest blowout of oil in the world
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Ixtoc #1
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what percentage of oil in the oceans comes from natural oil seeps
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47%
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what percentage of oil in the oceans is caused by petroleum consumption rather than transport or extraction
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72%
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method of using microorganisms to help clean up pollution
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bioremediation
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2 examples of persistent organic pollutants that cause long-lasting harm
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DDT, PCBs
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build-up and concentration of a pollutant in an organism's tissues
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bioaccumulation
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increase in concentration of a pollutant in organisms for higher levels in the food chain
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biomagnification
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where was the chemical manufacturing plant that discharged lots of mercury in the 1940s and 50s
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Minamata Bay, Japan
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pollution that doesn't come from pipes and can't be easily located
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non-point-source pollution
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break down of plastics into small pieces by sunlight
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photodegradation
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floating waste or debris in the ocean
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flotsam or jetsam (intentional)
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small plastic pellets found in the ocean
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nurdles
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