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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Microsociology -------- |
Focuses on social interaction. |
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Macrosociology --------- |
Focuses on the broad features of sociology. |
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Functionalists |
Macrosociology |
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Conflict Theorists |
Macrosociology |
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Symbolic Interactionists |
Microsociology |
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How does social structure guide our behavior? |
It makes us act a certain way. |
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6 Aspects of Social Structure: |
1. Culture - Group's language, beliefs, values, etc. 2. Social Class - Based on income, education, occupation 3. Social Status - The position someone occupies. 4. Roles - Behaviors, obligations, privileges with status. 5. Groups - People who interact & feel their norms, values, and interests are important. 6. Social Institutions - Organized, usual, or standard way a society meets its needs. |
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One occupies a status but plays a role. True or False |
True |
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What is a status set? |
All the statuses a person has. |
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Ascribed Status |
The status a person is born into. |
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Achieved Status |
The status a person achieves. |
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Status Symbol |
Signs that identify a status. |
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Status Inconsistency |
Discrepancy of status. |
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Five Functional Requisites for Survival in Society |
1. Replacing Members 2. Socializing New Members 3. Producing / Distributing Goods and Services 4. Preserving Order 5. Providing a Sense of Purpose |
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Conflict v. Functionalist on Social Institutions |
Both agree they were originally designed to meet basic survival needs. Conflict theorists do not think they work for the common good. |
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Social Integration WHO? |
Members united by shared values and other bonds. Emile Durkheim |
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Mechanical Solidarity |
Shared view of life resulting form performing similar tasks. |
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Organic Solidarity |
Interdependence from division of labor. |
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Gemeinshaft Who? |
Intimate community Ferdinand Tonnies |
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Gesellschaft |
Impersonal association |
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Intimate Space |
Body to 18" |
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Personal Space |
18" to 4' |
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Social Space |
4' to 12' |
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Public Space |
Beyond 12' |
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Front stage |
Where people perform their roles. |
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Back Stage |
Where people can retreat and relax. |
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Role Conflict |
When a person's role's expectations conflict. |
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Role Strain |
Same status holds incompatible roles. |
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Sign - Vehicle |
How people use social setting, appearance, and manner to communicate info about the self. |
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Groups |
People who interact with one another |
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Aggregate |
People sharing the same physical space |
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Category |
Statistic, people who share certain characteristics |
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Primary Group |
Family and friends. |
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Secondary Group |
Larger, more anonymous groups. They tend to break into primary groups. |
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Voluntary Association |
Groups of volunteers organized on the basis of some mutual interest. |
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Law of Oligarchy |
Organizations tend to become dominated by a self-perpetuallating elite. |
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In-Group |
Groups people feel loyal to. |
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Out-Group |
Groups people don't like. |
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Reference Group |
Groups referred to during evaluation. |
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Social Network |
People linked to one another. |
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Clique |
Clutters within a group. |
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Who's credited with the "6* of separation? |
Stanley Milgram |
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Three Primary Social Barriers |
Social class, race / ethnicity, gender |
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Bureaucracy |
Formal organization. |
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Identities |
Hierarchy of authority, clear division of labor, written rules, written communication and records, impersonality and replaceability. |
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McDonaldization of Society |
Standardization of life. |
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Alienation |
Workers lack of connection to their product of labor. |
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Self-Fulfilling Stereotypes |
Preconceived ideas about what someone will look or act like - person begins to meet this expectation. |
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Maximum Security Society |
Where almost all aspects of life are monitored or recorded. |
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Cyberslacking |
Using work computers or personal use. |
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Cybersluths |
Using software; these people can recover notes, emails, websites that are listed. |
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Coalition |
Two group members VS. one |
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Diffusion of Responsibility |
Giving help is no more one person's responsibility than another. |
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Instrumental Leader |
Task oriented, creates friction. |
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Expressive Leader |
Lifts morale, more popular. |
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Authoritarian Leader |
One who gives orders |
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Democratic Leader |
Gains Consensus |
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Laissez-Faire Leader |
Highly permissive |
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Asche Experiment |
Power of the Group |
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Milgrim Experiment |
Power of Authority |
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Deviance Does it differ from crime? |
Any violation of norms. Yes, deviance is nonjudgmental. |
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Stigma |
Characteristics that discredit people. |
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Norms mace social life possibly by_______________ __________. |
Making behavior predictable |
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Negative Sanctions |
Expressions of disapproval for deviance, ranges from frowns to death. |
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Positive Sanctions |
Reward people for conforming to norms with grades, raises, etc. |
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Genetic Predisposition |
Inborn tendencies thought to lead people to deviance. |
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Street Crime |
mugging, rape, robbery |
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White Collar Crime |
bank Fraud, blackmail, counterfeiting |
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Which gender is more likely to commit crime? Is this the same for all cultures? |
Male No. |
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What is a personality disorder related to deviance? |
Deviance is not related with any one particular personality. |
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Differential Association Who? |
People who associate with some groups learn an "excess of definitions" of deviance. Edward Sutherland |
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Shape of the self? |
Joining one group instead of another. |
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Control Theory |
The idea that two control systems work agains our tendency to deviate from norms. |
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Inner Controls |
Internalized morality |
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Outer Controls |
Influences that keep us from deviating (this is most about SELF-CONTROL) |
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Attachments |
Affection/Respect to those who don't deviate |
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Commitments |
Stakes a person doesn't want to lose. |
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Involvements |
Participating in approved activities. |
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Beliefs |
Convictions that certain actions are wrong. |
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Labeling Theory |
The view that the labels people are given, affect their own and others' perceptions of them, thus channeling their behavior into either deviance or conformity. |
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Five Techniques of Neutralizing |
1. Denial of Responsibility 2. Denial of Injury 3. Denial of Victim 4. Condemnation of the Condemners 5. Appeal to Higher Loyalties |
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Labels |
Ex. Cheat, pervert, outlaw biker, whore |
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Durkheim's View on Crime |
It is functional for society |
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Three Ways Deviance Contributes to Social Order |
1. Deviance clarifies moral boundaries & affirms norms 2. Deviance encourages social unity 3. Deviance promotes social change |
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Strain Theory Who? |
When a society socializes a large number of people to desire a cultural goal but withholds some of the approved means for reaching that goal. Robert Morton |
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Cultural Goals |
Objectives the society wants to achieve. |
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Institutionalized Means |
Approved means to reach goals |
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Anomie |
Sense of normlessness |
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Four Common Deviant Paths |
1. Innovators 2. Ritualists 3. Retreatilists 4. Rebels |
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WC Crime |
High up people commit crime at work. |
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Corporate Crime |
Crime benefitting a corporation |
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What groups suffer more penalties under the CJS? |
Crime |