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376 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
TRUE or FALSE We do not want to always control microbial growth. |
True. |
|
Microbes that share habitats are ______________. |
Ubiquitous. |
|
Ubiquitous microbes often involve _________ interactions. |
Nutritional. |
|
The intimate relationships between the microorganisms and the human body are an example of ____________. (living together) |
Symbiosis. |
|
Microorganisms that do not require a relationship for survival are _________________. (free-living) |
Non-Symbiotic. |
|
Gut microbes and their animal host is an example of _______________. |
Mutualism. |
|
An association in which BOTH partners benefit is called? |
Mutualism. |
|
Staphylococcus and Corynebacterium is typically found in the _________. (normal microbiota) |
Nose. |
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Bacteroides, Escherichia, Proteus, Klebsiella, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Candida, Clostridium, Pseudomonas, and Enterococcus is typically found in the ________ ____________. (normal microbiota) |
Large Intestines. |
|
Streptococcus, Moraxella, Corynebacterium, Haemophilus, Neisseria, and Mycoplasma are typically found in the ___________. (normal microbiota) |
Throat. |
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Staphylococcus and Propionibacterium is typically found on the ________. (normal microbiota) |
Skin. |
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Lactobacillus is typically found in the ____________. (normal microbiota) |
Vagina. |
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Streptococcus, Fusobacterium, Actinomyces, Leptotrichia, and Veillonella is typically found in the _________. (normal microbiota) |
Mouth. |
|
Streptococcus, Mycobacterium, Escherichia, and Bacteroides is typically found in the _____________. (normal microbiota) |
Urethra. |
|
___________ ____________ is the population of microorganisms routinely found on or inside the body of healthy individuals. |
Normal Microbiota. |
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___________ _____________ are microbes that typically inhabit body sites for extended periods of time. |
Resident Microbiota. |
|
TRUE or FALSE Transient microbiota are the ones that cause disease. |
False. |
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TRUE or FALSE The lower respiratory track is known to harbor normal microbiota. |
False. |
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The number of persons dying from an infectious disease is the _____________ rate. |
Mortality. |
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The number of persons afflicted with an infectious disease is the ______________ rate |
Morbidity. |
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A disease that has a steady frequency over time in a particular geographic location is an __________________. |
Endemic. |
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A disease that is increasing in numbers in more than one continent is an __________________.
|
Pandemic. |
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A disease that shows no predictable pattern as far as number and location is considered an ____________________.
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Sporadic. |
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An interaction between organisms where both organisms benefit from the interaction is referred as _________________. |
Mutualism.
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An interaction between organisms where one organism is harmed and the other organism may or may not directly benefit is referred as ___________________.
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Parasitism.
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When microbes in close nutritional relationship and one benefits but the other is not benefited or harmed is referred as _______________________.
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Commensalism.
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Relationship between two organisms where two separate and free living organisms are put together and create a unique or enhanced product is referred as _________________.
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Synergism.
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Competition between organisms for space or resources is referred as _________________.
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Antagonism. |
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Animals that participate in the life cycles of pathogens and transmit pathogens from host to host are _____________ ______________.
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Biological Vectors. |
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An inanimate object that transmits infectious agents is called a ___________.
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Fomite. |
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TRUE of FALSE A fetus can get an infection when a pathogen in the mother's blood is capable of crossing the placenta to the fetal circulation and tissues. |
True. |
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This pattern happens when an established infection breaks off and travels to other tissues causing an infection in another area of the body
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Focal infection.
|
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Endogenous infectious agents arise from microbes that are the persons own _____________ __________.
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Normal biota.
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TRUE or FALSE In order for an infection to occur the microbe must enter host in numbers at or above the infectious dose. |
True. |
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Steps in disease progression: Organism enters host through portal of entry |
STEP 1 |
|
Steps in disease progression: Organism attaches to host |
STEP 2 |
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Steps in disease progression: Organism avoids host defense mechanisms. |
STEP 3 |
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Steps in disease progression: Organism begins to multiply and causes pathological effects. |
STEP 4 |
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Steps in disease progression: Organisms exit through an exit portal and move on to infect other hosts |
STEP 5 |
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Opportunistic pathogens are least likely to affect which of the following groups?
(a) Aids patients (b) Cancer patients (c) College students (d) Drug addicts (e) Transplant recipients |
(C) - College Students |
|
Capsules and M protein are thought to interfere with which of the following? (a) Opsonization by complement proteins (b) Opsonization by antibodies (c) Recognition by T Cells (d) Recognition by B Cells (e) Phagosome-lyseome fusion |
(A) - Opsonization by complement proteins |
|
The C5a peptidase enzyme of streptococcus pyogenes breaks down C5a, resulting in... (a) Lysis of the Streptococcus cells (b) Lack of opsonization of Streptococcus cells (c) Killing of phagocytes (d) Decreased accumulation of phagocytes (e) inhibition of membrane attack complexes |
(D) - Decreased accumulation of phagocytes
|
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All of the following are known mechanisms of avoiding the effects of antibodies except... (a) Antigenic variation (b) Mimicking "self" (c) Synthesis of an Fe receptor (d) Synthesis of IgG protease (e) Remaining intracellular. |
(D) - Synthesis of IgG protease |
|
Which of the following statements about diphtheria toxin is false? (a) It is an example of an endotoxin (b) It is produced by corynebacterium (c) It inhibits protein synthesis (d) It can cause local damage to the throat (e) It can cause systemic damage to organs such as the heart. |
(A) - It is an example of endotoxin |
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Bacteria use _____________ to bind/attach to host cells. |
Adhesins. |
|
______________ are proteins that have very specific damaging effects; they may act locally or cause dramatic systemic effects. |
Exotoxins. |
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Microbes that normally live on the skin, in the alimentary tract, and other sites in humans is referred to as ____________ ____________. |
Normal Microbiota. |
|
TRUE or FALSE Every human contains about 10 trillion cells and 100 trillion microbes. |
True. |
|
TRUE or FALSE The most number of microbes live in the mouth. |
False. The most number of microbes live in the intestines. |
|
TRUE or FALSE The least number of microbes live on the skin. |
False. The least number of microbes live in the upper respiratory tract. |
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_____________ ___________ is the disruption of a tissue or organ caused by microbes or their products. |
Infectious Disease. |
|
Pathogenic microorganisms penetrate the host defense, enter the tissue and multiply is referred to as an _________________. |
Infection. |
|
________________ __________ is any characteristic that increases pathogenicity. |
Virulence Factor |
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An individual who is inconspicuously harbors a pathogen and spreads it to others without any notice is referred to as a _____________. (person) |
Carrier. |
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An individual or object from which an infection is actually acquired is referred to as a ______________. (person or object) |
Source. |
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The primary habitat in the natural world which a pathogen originates is referred to as a ___________________. (environment) |
Reservoir. |
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___________ carriers transfer infectious agents through contact. |
Passive. |
|
What is an ”infectious dose”? |
Infectious dose (ID) - is the amount of pathogen required to cause an infection in the host.
|
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_________________ is the study of epidemics |
Epidemiology.
|
|
_______________ is the number of new cases over a certain time period. (frequency) |
Incidence. |
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__________________ is the total number of existing cases with respect to the entire population. (frequency) |
Prevalence. |
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An _______________ is a sudden and simultaneous outbreak or increase in the number of cases of a disease in a population. |
Epidemic. |
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Endotoxins are gram-______________ species only. |
Negative. |
|
TRUE or FALSE Exotoxins are both gram-positive and gram-negative. |
True. |
|
____________________ is an organisms potential to cause infection or disease. |
Pathogenicity. |
|
A _________ _______________, as long as it comes into contact with a host will cause an infection or disease. |
True Pathogens. |
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____________________ ______________ can only cause infection and disease if the host is in a weak state. (i.e. Immune system) |
Opportunistic Pathogens. |
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An infection is caused by a _________________ |
Pathogen |
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Type and severity of infection depend on ______________________ of the organism and the condition of the host. |
Pathogenicity. |
|
The healthier the host the _______ severe the infection is going to appear. |
Less. |
|
The degree of pathogenicity is referred to as __________________. |
Virulence. |
|
Virulence is determined by its ability to... 1.) 2.) |
1.) Establish itself in the host. 2.) Cause damage. |
|
Any characteristic that increases pathogenicity is called a _______________ ____________. |
Virulence Factor. |
|
Microbes enters the tissues of the body by a ____________ ___ _________
|
Portal of Entry. |
|
What are the basic portals of entry? |
Skin, Respiratory Tract, GI Tract, Urogenital. |
|
The simplest type of infection is a __________ ________________. |
Local Infection. |
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Boils, Fungal skin infections, and warts are an example of what type of infection? |
Local Infection. |
|
Symbiotic relationships require __________ organisms
|
Both.
|
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An organisms potential to cause infection...
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Pathogenicity.
|
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The degree of pathogenicity
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Viruelence.
|
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ANY characteristic that increases pathogenicity...
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Virulence Factor.
|
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Accumulated damage of the cell that leads to cell and tissue death...
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Necrosis.
|
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The organisms power to produce toxins...
|
Toxigenicity.
|
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A variety of diseases caused by toxigenicity...
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Toxinoses.
|
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A toxinoses (disease) which is spread by the blood from the site of infection.
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Toxemias.
|
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A toxinoses (disease) which is spread by the ingestion of toxins.
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Intoxication.
|
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A toxin that is secreted by the bacterial cell into the tissue.
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Exotoxin.
|
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A toxin that is shed from the outter membrane of the cell – not targeted, very general.
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Endotoxin.
|
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An infection that is severe but short lived. (common cold)
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Acute Infection.
|
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An infection that progresses and persists over a long period of time. (Hep C)
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Chronic Infection.
|
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An infection that occurs at the same time that a primary infection occurs. Your immune system is so busy fighting the primary infection that a new one occurs. (chicken pox to staph)
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Secondary Infection.
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An infection where more than one microbe is present. Complex because you have multiple microbes establishing all at one site.
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Mixed Infection.
|
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An infection that stays in one spot. (wart)
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Local Infection.
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An infection that enters the body, gets into the blood stream, and spreads to the rest of the body. (chicken pox)
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Systemic Infection.
|
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An infection that has no signs of symptoms. The microbe is present and replicating because it avoided host defenses. Doesnt have a "disease state"
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Asymptomatic Infection.
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An infection that is indigenous to animals but can accidentally be transmitted to humans. (rabies)
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Zoonosis.
|
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A live animal that transmits an infectious agent from one host to another (mosquito, rat)
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Vector.
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When the infection can be spread from host to host
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Communicable disease.
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When an infection has no host to host involvement.
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Non–communicable Disease.
|
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An infection that is highly communicable
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Contagious Agent.
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Any host tissue bearing MCH markers foreign to the graft can be attacked
|
Graft versus host disease.
|
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When donor tissue displays surface molecules of a different MHC class, the T Cells of the recipient will recognize its foreign and react against it
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Host rejection of graft.
|
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Type III Hypersensitivity causes a...
|
Immuno Complex Reaction
|
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Episodes of impaired breathing due to severe bronchio–constriction
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Asthma.
|
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The skins response when you are skin tested for allergies.
|
Wheal and Flare.
|
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The number of new cases over a certain time period
|
Incidence.
|
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the total number of existing cases with respect to the entire population.
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Prevalence.
|
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"dumping" the allergy causing compounds from the mast cells.
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Degranulate.
|
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Results when T cells respond to antigens displayed on self tissues or transplanted foreign cells.
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Cell mediated hypersensitivity
|
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Kissing, touching, droplets, vertical, vector are all types of (contact)
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transmission of infection.
|
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fomites, food, water, and air are all examples of ___________ ____________.
|
Indirect Transmission.
|
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Anthrax, Tetanus, Fungal Infection, Water, Soil, and Giardia are an example of __________________ reservoirs.
|
Non–living.
|
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TRUE or FALSE:
Over the past century the mortality rate has remained low, but the morbity rate has remained high. |
True.
|
|
TRUE or FALSE:
Measels is an example of a reportable disease. |
True.
|
|
____________________ is the study of disease states associated with overactivity or underactivity of the immune response.
|
Immunopathology.
|
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Immediate Hypersensitivity
|
Type I.
|
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Antibody–mediated
|
Type II.
|
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Immune complex–mediated
|
Type III.
|
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T Cell mediated
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Type IV.
|
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An _________________ is altered reactivity or exaggerated immune response manifested by inflammation
|
Allergy.
|
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______________________, sometimes used interchangeably with allergy, but some consider this to be delayed reaction (while allergies are immediate)
|
Hypersensitivity.
|
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The antigen to which allergic individuals are sensitive is referred as
|
Allergens.
|
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Type I allergies have _____ levels of severity.
|
Two.
|
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A chronic local allergy is referred as an __________. (hay fever, asthma, ect.)
|
Atopy.
|
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A systemic, sometimes fatal reaction is called ________________.
|
Anaphylaxis.
|
|
The "Big Eight" food allergens are...
|
Peanuts, Soy, Eggs, Milk, Fish, Wheat, Shellfish, Tree Nuts.
|
|
____________________________ _____________ targets self–antigens in the body.
|
Autoimmune disease.
|
|
An inadequate amount of immunity is referred as _______________________.
|
Immunodeficiency.
|
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A bad blood transfusion is an example of what type of hypersensitivity?
|
Type II.
|
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Which blood type is often considered the 'universal donor'?
|
Type O.
|
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People with blood type ____ are potentially able to donate blood to anyone.
|
Type O.
|
|
Type of Sensitivity:
Graft Rejection |
Type II.
|
|
Type of Sensitivity:
Hay Fever |
Type I
|
|
Type of Sensitivity:
Tuberculin skin test reaction |
Type IV.
|
|
Type of Sensitivity:
Poison Ivy Dermatitis |
Type IV.
|
|
Type of Sensitivity:
Serum Sickness |
Type III.
|
|
Type of Sensitivity:
Food Allergy |
Type I.
|
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An excessive or inappropriate immune response that causes tissue injury in the host is called...
|
Hypersensitivity.
|
|
Which of the following is not a typical symptom of Type I hypersensitivity?
(a) Asthma (b) Anaphylactic shock (c) Hives (d) Kidney damage (e) Rhinitis |
(D) – Kidney Damage.
|
|
Which of the following statements about Type II hypersensitivity is false?
(a) It causes transfusion reactions. (b) It causes hemolytic disease in newborn infants. (c) Cells are destroyed by complement–fixing antibodies or antibody–dependent cellular cytoxicity. (d) IgE, IgG, IgM are involved. (e) All these choices are correct. |
(D) – IgE, IgG, IgM are involved.
|
|
TRUE or FALSE:
Histamine is released by mast cells and can lead to asthma symptoms. |
False.
|
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___________________ Stimulates smooth muscle, glands, eosinophils; responsible for skin reaction, itching and headache.
|
Histamine.
|
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Sudden respiratory and circulatory disruption that can be fatal is referred to as...
|
Systemic Anaphylaxis.
|
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__________________ causes prolonged smooth muscle contraction of the bronchioles, dilation of peripheral arterioles, increased capillary permeability, and increased mucus secretion.
|
Brandykinin.
|
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___________________ induces gradual contraction of smooth muscle.
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Leukotriene.
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___________________ Are inflammatory agents responsible for vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, increased sensitivity to pain, and broncho–constriction.
|
Prostaglandins.
|
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The initial encounter of allergen is referred as the ______________ _________.
|
Sensitizing Dose.
|
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TRUE of FALSE
Sensitization of an allergen occurs during the second or next encounter. |
False. Sensitization of an allergen occurs during the first or initial encounter.
|
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During _________________ of an allergy, memory cells and immunoglobulin are ready to react.
|
Provocation.
|
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TRUE or FALSE
The secondary or next encounter of an allergen is referred as the sensitizing dose. |
False. The next exposure of the allergen is called provocation.
|
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_________________ of allergy causes a quicker and stronger response leading to the signs and symptoms of an allergy.
|
Provocation.
|
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_______________ _________ is when the body is learning how to react to the allergen.
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Sensitizing Dose.
|
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Airborne environmental allergens are referred to as...
|
Inhalants.
|
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Pollen, dust, dander, and mold are an example of...
|
Inhalant Substances.
|
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Allergens that enter the body by mouth are referred to as...
|
Ingestants.
|
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Food and oral antibiotics are an example of...
|
Ingestant Substances.
|
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These allergies cause side effects of drugs or other substances used in diagnosing, treating, or preventing disease; or naturally through venom from stings...
|
Injectant Allergies.
|
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Venom or bee stings are an example of....
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Injected Substances.
|
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The portal of entry for an injected substance is through the _________.
|
Skin.
|
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TRUE or FALSE:
The portal of entry for an ingested substance is through the mouth and gastrointestinal tract. |
True.
|
|
___________________ are allergens that enter through the skin.
|
Contactants.
|
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Poison Ivy, cosmetics, detergents and fabrics are an example of a...
|
Contactant Substance.
|
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The respiratory system is an example of a ___________ _____ ____________ for inhalants.
|
Portal of Entry.
|
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____________ are more allergenic than carbohydrates, fats, or nucleic acids
|
Proteins.
|
|
TRUE or FALSE:
Carbohydrates, fats, and nucleic acids are more allergenic than proteins. |
False. Proteins are more allergenic than carbohydrates, fats, and nucleic acids.
|
|
Allergen typically enter through the ______________ portals in the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and skin.
|
Epithelial.
|
|
TRUE or FALSE:
50% of the population are prone to atopic allergies? |
FALSE. 10% to 30% of the population is prone to atopic allergies.
|
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When a person grows into or out of an allergy is when it is altered by _______.
|
Age.
|
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Exposure to an _______________ could change how an allergy is expressed.
|
Infection.
|
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This could alter whether an individual is suffering from allergies
|
Geographic Locale.
|
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An individual who has allergies have a genetic programing that favors allergic antibody (____) production.
|
IgE.
|
|
IgE Production causes increased activity of ________ _____, and increased susceptibility of target tissue to allergic mediators.
|
Mast Cells.
|
|
TRUE or FALSE
The antigen to which allergic individuals are sensitive is called and allergen. |
True.
|
|
_____________________ studies allergies, autoimmunity, grafts and transfusions, and immunodeficiencies.
|
Immunopathology.
|
|
TRUE OR FALSE
Immunodeficiency is an example of an overactive immune response. |
False. Autoimmunity is an over active immune response.
|
|
TRUE or FALSE
autoimmunity, allergies, grafts and transfusions is an example of over active immune response. |
True.
|
|
_________________ is an under active immune response.
|
Immunodeficiency.
|
|
TRUE or FALSE:
A food allergy and a food intolerance are the same thing? |
False. A food allergy and a food intolerance is different.
|
|
________________ __________________ is an inflammatory reaction to a local injection of allergen.
|
Cutaneous Anaphylaxis.
|
|
__________ ___________ is different from a food intolerance.
|
Food Allergy.
|
|
TRUE or FALSE:
A drug allergy reaction ranges from mild atopy to fatal anaphylaxis |
True.
|
|
Beta–lactam antibiotics and sulfa drugs are the ________ common drug allergies.
|
Most.
|
|
TRUE or FALSE:
the least common drug allergies come from beta–lactam antibiotics and sulfa drugs. |
False. Beta–lactam antibiotics and sulfa drugs are the most common drug allergies.
|
|
Bee stings, antibiotics, serum, and peanuts can all cause this type of systemic reaction...
|
Anaphylaxis.
|
|
TRUE or FALSE:
Diagnosis of an allergy can be determined by a test tube method in a laboratory or via a skin test. |
True.
|
|
Skin testing is an example of what allergy diagnosis method?
|
In Vivo.
|
|
Testing for an allergy in a test tube is an example of what allergy diagnosis method?
|
In Vitro.
|
|
TRUE or FALSE:
The measure of elevated blood levels of tryptase (mast cells) is nonspecific allergy diagnosis test. |
True.
|
|
TRUE or FALSE:
Serological tests that use radioimmune assays to measure IgE amounts is a non–specific allergy diagnosis test. |
False. Serological tests that use radioimmune assays to measure IgE amounts is specific allergy diagnosis test.
|
|
Leukocyte histamine–release is a _______________ allergy diagnosis test
|
Non–specific.
|
|
This type of allergy test is performed by scratching the patients skin with a small amount of pure allergen extract...
|
Skin Test.
|
|
TRUE or FALSE:
A skin test is a specific and invivo method of diagnosis or an allergy. |
True.
|
|
TRUE or FALSE:
A differential blood cell count of basophils and eosinophils is a non–specific and in vitro method of diagnosing an allergy. |
True.
|
|
Once an allergy has been diagnosed it is typically suggested that the patient _____________ the allergen
|
Avoids.
|
|
_____________________ keep the plasma cell from synthesizing IgE and inhibit T cells. This will not cure an allergy.
|
Corticosteroids.
|
|
TRUE or FALSE:
Antihistamines, aspirin, epinephrine, theophylline, counteract the effects of cytokines on targets. |
True.
|
|
Treatment and prevention of an allergy is referred to as _____________________ _____________.
|
Desensitization Therapy.
|
|
TRUE or FALSE: Desensitization therapy works well with food and drug allergies |
False. Desensitization therapy DOES NOT work with food and drug allergies
|
|
____________________ ____________ Prevents reactions with allergen, IgE, and mast cells.
|
Desensitization Therapy.
|
|
___________ and __________ allergy cannot be treated with desensitization therapy.
|
Food and Drug.
|
|
Type A red blood cells have ____ antigens.
|
A.
|
|
Type B red blood cells have ____ antigens.
|
B.
|
|
Type AB red blood cells have ____ antigens.
|
AB.
|
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Type O red blood cells have ____ antigens.
|
Have neither AB.
|
|
A person with type A blood has ___ antigens and ___ antibodies.
|
A antigens and B antibodies
|
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A person with type B blood has ___ antigens and ___ antibodies.
|
B antigens and A antibodies
|
|
A person with type AB blood has ___ antigens and _______ antibodies.
|
AB antigens and neither antibodies (AB)
|
|
A person with type O blood has _____ antigens and ___ antibodies.
|
Neither antigens (AB) but has AB antibodies.
|
|
TRUE or FALSE:
Type O blood have neither AB antigens, but has AB antibodies. |
True.
|
|
Reactions that lyse foreign cells is a type ____ hypersensitivity.
|
Type II.
|
|
Involves the production of IgG and IgM after repeated exposure to antigens and the activation complement...
|
Type III.
|
|
Type III hypersensitivity cause an ______________ ______________ reaction.
|
Immune Complex.
|
|
____________________ is the study of disease states associated with overactivity or underactivity of the immune response.
|
Immunopathology.
|
|
Immediate Hypersensitivity
|
Type I.
|
|
Antibody–mediated
|
Type II.
|
|
Immune complex–mediated
|
Type III.
|
|
T Cell mediated
|
Type IV.
|
|
An _________________ is altered reactivity or exaggerated immune response manifested by inflammation
|
Allergy.
|
|
______________________, sometimes used interchangeably with allergy, but some consider this to be delayed reaction (while allergies are immediate)
|
Hypersensitivity.
|
|
The antigen to which allergic individuals are sensitive is referred as
|
Allergens.
|
|
Type I allergies have _____ levels of severity.
|
Two.
|
|
A chronic local allergy is referred as an __________. (hay fever, asthma, ect.)
|
Atopy.
|
|
A systemic, sometimes fatal reaction is called ________________.
|
Anaphylaxis.
|
|
The "Big Eight" food allergens are...
|
Peanuts, Soy, Eggs, Milk, Fish, Wheat, Shellfish, Tree Nuts.
|
|
____________________________ _____________ targets self–antigens in the body.
|
Autoimmune disease.
|
|
An inadequate amount of immunity is referred as _______________________.
|
Immunodeficiency.
|
|
A bad blood transfusion is an example of what type of hypersensitivity?
|
Type II.
|
|
Which blood type is often considered the 'universal donor'?
|
Type O.
|
|
People with blood type ____ are potentially able to donate blood to anyone.
|
Type O.
|
|
Type of Sensitivity:
Graft Rejection |
Type II.
|
|
Type of Sensitivity:
Hay Fever |
Type I
|
|
Type of Sensitivity:
Tuberculin skin test reaction |
Type IV.
|
|
Type of Sensitivity:
Poison Ivy Dermatitis |
Type IV.
|
|
Type of Sensitivity:
Serum Sickness |
Type III.
|
|
Type of Sensitivity:
Food Allergy |
Type I.
|
|
An excessive or inappropriate immune response that causes tissue injury in the host is called...
|
Hypersensitivity.
|
|
Which of the following is not a typical symptom of Type I hypersensitivity?
(a) Asthma (b) Anaphylactic shock (c) Hives (d) Kidney damage (e) Rhinitis |
(D) – Kidney Damage.
|
|
Which of the following statements about Type II hypersensitivity is false?
(a) It causes transfusion reactions. (b) It causes hemolytic disease in newborn infants. (c) Cells are destroyed by complement–fixing antibodies or antibody–dependent cellular cytoxicity. (d) IgE, IgG, IgM are involved. (e) All these choices are correct. |
(D) – IgE, IgG, IgM are involved.
|
|
TRUE or FALSE:
Histamine is released by mast cells and can lead to asthma symptoms. |
False.
|
|
___________________ Stimulates smooth muscle, glands, eosinophils; responsible for skin reaction, itching and headache.
|
Histamine.
|
|
Sudden respiratory and circulatory disruption that can be fatal is referred to as...
|
Systemic Anaphylaxis.
|
|
__________________ causes prolonged smooth muscle contraction of the bronchioles, dilation of peripheral arterioles, increased capillary permeability, and increased mucus secretion.
|
Brandykinin.
|
|
___________________ induces gradual contraction of smooth muscle.
|
Leukotriene.
|
|
___________________ Are inflammatory agents responsible for vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, increased sensitivity to pain, and broncho–constriction.
|
Prostaglandins.
|
|
The initial encounter of allergen is referred as the ______________ _________.
|
Sensitizing Dose.
|
|
TRUE of FALSE
Sensitization of an allergen occurs during the second or next encounter. |
False. Sensitization of an allergen occurs during the first or initial encounter.
|
|
During _________________ of an allergy, memory cells and immunoglobulin are ready to react.
|
Provocation.
|
|
TRUE or FALSE
The secondary or next encounter of an allergen is referred as the sensitizing dose. |
False. The next exposure of the allergen is called provocation.
|
|
_________________ of allergy causes a quicker and stronger response leading to the signs and symptoms of an allergy.
|
Provocation.
|
|
_______________ _________ is when the body is learning how to react to the allergen.
|
Sensitizing Dose.
|
|
Airborne environmental allergens are referred to as...
|
Inhalants.
|
|
Pollen, dust, dander, and mold are an example of...
|
Inhalant Substances.
|
|
Allergens that enter the body by mouth are referred to as...
|
Ingestants.
|
|
Food and oral antibiotics are an example of...
|
Ingestant Substances.
|
|
These allergies cause side effects of drugs or other substances used in diagnosing, treating, or preventing disease; or naturally through venom from stings...
|
Injectant Allergies.
|
|
Venom or bee stings are an example of....
|
Injected Substances.
|
|
The portal of entry for an injected substance is through the _________.
|
Skin.
|
|
TRUE or FALSE:
The portal of entry for an ingested substance is through the mouth and gastrointestinal tract. |
True.
|
|
___________________ are allergens that enter through the skin.
|
Contactants.
|
|
Poison Ivy, cosmetics, detergents and fabrics are an example of a...
|
Contactant Substance.
|
|
The respiratory system is an example of a ___________ _____ ____________ for inhalants.
|
Portal of Entry.
|
|
____________ are more allergenic than carbohydrates, fats, or nucleic acids
|
Proteins.
|
|
TRUE or FALSE:
Carbohydrates, fats, and nucleic acids are more allergenic than proteins. |
False. Proteins are more allergenic than carbohydrates, fats, and nucleic acids.
|
|
Allergen typically enter through the ______________ portals in the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and skin.
|
Epithelial.
|
|
TRUE or FALSE:
50% of the population are prone to atopic allergies? |
FALSE. 10% to 30% of the population is prone to atopic allergies.
|
|
When a person grows into or out of an allergy is when it is altered by _______.
|
Age.
|
|
Exposure to an _______________ could change how an allergy is expressed.
|
Infection.
|
|
This could alter whether an individual is suffering from allergies
|
Geographic Locale.
|
|
An individual who has allergies have a genetic programing that favors allergic antibody (____) production.
|
IgE.
|
|
IgE Production causes increased activity of ________ _____, and increased susceptibility of target tissue to allergic mediators.
|
Mast Cells.
|
|
TRUE or FALSE
The antigen to which allergic individuals are sensitive is called and allergen. |
True.
|
|
_____________________ studies allergies, autoimmunity, grafts and transfusions, and immunodeficiencies.
|
Immunopathology.
|
|
TRUE OR FALSE
Immunodeficiency is an example of an overactive immune response. |
False. Autoimmunity is an over active immune response.
|
|
TRUE or FALSE
autoimmunity, allergies, grafts and transfusions is an example of over active immune response. |
True.
|
|
_________________ is an under active immune response.
|
Immunodeficiency.
|
|
TRUE or FALSE:
A food allergy and a food intolerance are the same thing? |
False. A food allergy and a food intolerance is different.
|
|
________________ __________________ is an inflammatory reaction to a local injection of allergen.
|
Cutaneous Anaphylaxis.
|
|
__________ ___________ is different from a food intolerance.
|
Food Allergy.
|
|
TRUE or FALSE:
A drug allergy reaction ranges from mild atopy to fatal anaphylaxis |
True.
|
|
Beta–lactam antibiotics and sulfa drugs are the ________ common drug allergies.
|
Most.
|
|
TRUE or FALSE:
the least common drug allergies come from beta–lactam antibiotics and sulfa drugs. |
False. Beta–lactam antibiotics and sulfa drugs are the most common drug allergies.
|
|
Bee stings, antibiotics, serum, and peanuts can all cause this type of systemic reaction...
|
Anaphylaxis.
|
|
TRUE or FALSE:
Diagnosis of an allergy can be determined by a test tube method in a laboratory or via a skin test. |
True.
|
|
Skin testing is an example of what allergy diagnosis method?
|
In Vivo.
|
|
Testing for an allergy in a test tube is an example of what allergy diagnosis method?
|
In Vitro.
|
|
TRUE or FALSE:
The measure of elevated blood levels of tryptase (mast cells) is nonspecific allergy diagnosis test. |
True.
|
|
TRUE or FALSE:
Serological tests that use radioimmune assays to measure IgE amounts is a non–specific allergy diagnosis test. |
False. Serological tests that use radioimmune assays to measure IgE amounts is specific allergy diagnosis test.
|
|
Leukocyte histamine–release is a _______________ allergy diagnosis test
|
Non–specific.
|
|
This type of allergy test is performed by scratching the patients skin with a small amount of pure allergen extract...
|
Skin Test.
|
|
TRUE or FALSE:
A skin test is a specific and invivo method of diagnosis or an allergy. |
True.
|
|
TRUE or FALSE:
A differential blood cell count of basophils and eosinophils is a non–specific and in vitro method of diagnosing an allergy. |
True.
|
|
Once an allergy has been diagnosed it is typically suggested that the patient _____________ the allergen
|
Avoids.
|
|
_____________________ keep the plasma cell from synthesizing IgE and inhibit T cells. This will not cure an allergy.
|
Corticosteroids.
|
|
TRUE or FALSE:
Antihistamines, aspirin, epinephrine, theophylline, counteract the effects of cytokines on targets. |
True.
|
|
Treatment and prevention of an allergy is referred to as _____________________ _____________.
|
Desensitization Therapy.
|
|
TRUE or FALSE: Desensitization therapy works well with food and drug allergies |
False. Desensitization therapy DOES NOT work with food and drug allergies
|
|
____________________ ____________ Prevents reactions with allergen, IgE, and mast cells.
|
Desensitization Therapy.
|
|
___________ and __________ allergy cannot be treated with desensitization therapy.
|
Food and Drug.
|
|
Type A red blood cells have ____ antigens.
|
A.
|
|
Type B red blood cells have ____ antigens.
|
B.
|
|
Type AB red blood cells have ____ antigens.
|
AB.
|
|
Type O red blood cells have ____ antigens.
|
Have neither AB.
|
|
A person with type A blood has ___ antigens and ___ antibodies.
|
A antigens and B antibodies
|
|
A person with type B blood has ___ antigens and ___ antibodies.
|
B antigens and A antibodies
|
|
A person with type AB blood has ___ antigens and _______ antibodies.
|
AB antigens and neither antibodies (AB)
|
|
A person with type O blood has _____ antigens and ___ antibodies.
|
Neither antigens (AB) but has AB antibodies.
|
|
TRUE or FALSE:
Type O blood have neither AB antigens, but has AB antibodies. |
True.
|
|
Reactions that lyse foreign cells is a type ____ hypersensitivity.
|
Type II.
|
|
Involves the production of IgG and IgM after repeated exposure to antigens and the activation complement...
|
Type III.
|
|
Type III hypersensitivity cause an ______________ ______________ reaction.
|
Immune Complex.
|
|
A series of steps used to connect an organism to a disease are known as... |
KOCH'S POSTULATES |
|
Adherence, Dose, and Virulence Factor, are ALL important for the establishment of what... |
INFECTION |
|
_____________ is not considered important for establishment of an infection. |
TOXICITY |
|
The organisms that are found together and interact on a more or less permanent basis are in a relationship termed as.... |
SYMBIOSIS |
|
The microorganisms that are regulary found in or on the body, yet do no apparent harm are called... |
NORMAL FLORA |
|
The resident microbial population of the human fetus is... |
ZERO |
|
The number of organisms necessary to insure infection is termed... |
INFECTIOUS DOSE |
|
pathogens that take advantage of special circumstances. |
OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGENS |
|
TRUE OR FALSE Normal flora provide a surface that is incompatible for attachment of an invader. |
TRUE |
|
TRUE OR FALSE Normal flora establish competition for nutrients and vitamins. |
TRUE |
|
TRUE OR FALSE Normal flora produce anitmicrobial substances |
TRUE |
|
TRUE OR FALSE Normal flora stimulate the immune system. |
TRUE |
|
Growth of a parasitic organism in or on the host is reffered to as... |
INFECTION |
|
TRUE OR FALSE: Pain is a sign of a disease. |
FALSE |
|
TRUE OR FALSE: Fever of 39°C is a sign of a disease. |
TRUE |
|
TRUE OR FALSE: Nausea is a sign of a disease. |
FALSE |
|
TRUE OR FALSE: Headaches is a sign of a disease. |
FALSE |
|
Mutualism, commensalism, parasitism are all forms of what type of relationship? |
SYMBIOTIC |
|
Flora that typically inhabit body sites for extended periods are called... |
RESIDENT FLORA |
|
Flora that are temporary is called... They form associations for a short time and are replaced. |
TRANSIENT FLORA |
|
TRUE OR FALSE: Normal flora is established during birth process |
TRUE |
|
Most _________ are saprophytes that feed off of decaying matter. |
FUNGI |
|
Most _________ are saprophytes that feed off of decaying matter. |
FUNGI |
|
Fungi / Saprophytes that cause disease and are generally opportunistic... |
CANDIDA ALBICANS |
|
Most serious fungal infections caused by ______________ fungi |
DIMORPHIC |
|
_______________ fungi, occur as molds in the enviornment but assume other forms in the tissues. (usually yeast.) |
DIMORPHIC |
|
Adaptive Immunity into ___ paths. |
TWO (Humoral Immunity & Cellular Immunity) |
|
___________ immunity eliminates extracellular pathogens |
HUMORAL |
|
___________ immunity eliminates extracellular pathogens |
HUMORAL |
|
______________ immunity eliminates imtracellular payhogens |
CELLULAR |
|
Antibodies are made by... |
PLASMA CELLS |
|
________________ cells may take the form of |
B CELLS T CYTOTOXIC CELLS T HELPER CELLS |
|
T cell mature in the... |
THYMUS |
|
A term synonymous with antibody is... |
IMMUNOGLOBULIN |
|
T cells primarily are responsible for... |
CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY |
|
What class of antibody accounts for the bulk of the circulating antibody? |
IgG |
|
Ag-Ab binding may result in... |
neutralization, immobilization, agglutination. |
|
TRUE OR FALSE: There are different patterns of infection |
TRUE |
|
TRUE OR FALSE: There are different patterns of infection |
TRUE |
|
The ______________ system is a collection of tissues and organs that bring populations of B cells and T cells into contact with antigens |
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM |
|
_____________ is a colorless fluid derived from tissue fluid. |
LYMPH |
|
_________________ immunity is protection provided by immune responses that improve due to exposure to antigens; involves B cells & T cells. |
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY |
|
The ______________ system is a collection of tissues and organs that bring populations of B cells and T cells into contact with antigens |
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM |
|
_____________ is a colorless fluid derived from tissue fluid. |
LYMPH |
|
_________________ immunity is protection provided by immune responses that improve due to exposure to antigens; involves B cells & T cells. |
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY |
|
TRUE OR FALSE Adaptive Immunity can take a week of longer to build. |
TRUE |
|
The first adaptive response to a paticular antigen is called the... |
PRIMARY RESPONSE |
|
The first adaptive response to a paticular antigen is called the... |
PRIMARY RESPONSE |
|
If a same antigen is encountered later in life, there is a strong antigen specific adaptive response called... |
SECONDARY RESPONSE |
|
The two basic strategies in adaptive immune responses are |
1. Humoral Immunity 2. Cell Mediated |
|
The two basic strategies in adaptive immune responses are |
1. Humoral Immunity 2. Cell Mediated |
|
The two basic strategies in adaptive immune responses are |
1. Humoral Immunity 2. Cell Mediated |
|
Humoral immunity eliminates microbial invaders as well as their toxins from the _________ ___________ & tissue fluids; these invaders are considered to be extracellular because they are not within the host cells. |
BLOOD STREAM |
|
____________ immunity involves B lymphocytes, or B cells. |
HUMORAL IMMUNITY |
|
____________ immunity involves B lymphocytes, or B cells. |
HUMORAL IMMUNITY |
|
____________ immunity involves B lymphocytes, or B cells. |
HUMORAL IMMUNITY |
|
_____ Cells, are a cell type that devolopes in the bone marrow in mammals |
B CELLS |
|
_______ ___________ immunity (CMI), deals with invaders residing within a host cell. |
CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY |
|
_______ ___________ immunity (CMI), deals with invaders residing within a host cell. |
CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY |
|
IgM, IgG, IgD, IgA, IgE... |
CLASSES OF B CELL ANTIBODIES |
|
FIVE CLASSES OF ANTIBODY:
First antibody to respond to infection, 5-3% in circulation Structure: Pentamer The only antibody that can be formed by the fetus in utero |
IgM |
|
FIVE CLASSES OF ANTIBODY:
Dominate antibody in circulation. 80-85% in circulation. Structure: Monomer Only antibody that can cross the placenta Involved in memory response |
IgG |
|
FIVE CLASSES OF ANTIBODY:
Dominate antibody in circulation. 80-85% in circulation. Structure: Monomer Only antibody that can cross the placenta Involved in memory response |
IgG |
|
FIVE CLASSES OF ANTIBODY:
<1% of total antibody in circulation Structure = monomer Maturation of antibody response |
IgD |
|
FIVE CLASSES OF ANTIBODY:
Found in secretions. 10-13% of antibody in circulation. Structure: Monomer in serum Dimer in seceretions -- Breast milk, mucus, tears and saliva. |
IgA |
|
FIVE CLASSES OF ANTIBODY:
Barely detectable in circulation. Structure: monomer Active in alergic reactions |
IgE |