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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Geriatrics
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is the branch of medicine dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and problems affecting older adults.
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gerontology
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is the study of all aspects of the aging process and its consequences.
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gerontological nursing
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is concerned with the assessment of the health and functional status of older adults; diagnosis, planning, and implementing health care and services to meet the identified needs; and evaluating the effectiveness of such care. This is the term nurses specializing in the field use most often.
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Stochastic theories of aging
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View aging as the result of random cellular damage that occurs over time. The accumulated damage leads to physical changes that we recognize as characteristic of the aging process. (the word stochasic means "aim" or "guess" and describes something that is non-deterministic)
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Non-stochastic theories of aging.
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View aging as a series of genetically programmed physiological mechanisms
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Psychosocial theories of aging
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Attempt to explain changes in behavior, roles, and relationships that come with aging. The 3 major psychosocial theories of aging are Disengagement theory, Activity theory, and Continuity theory.
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Disengagement theory of aging
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the oldest psychosocial theory, states that aging individuals withdraw from customary roles and engage in more introspective, self-focused activities
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Activity theory of aging
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considers the continuation of activities performed during middle adulthood to be necessary for successful aging.
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Continuity theory of aging
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also called developmental theory, states that personality remains the same and behavior becomes more predictable as people age. The personality and behavior patterns that developed during a lifetime determine the degree of engagement and activity in older adulthood.
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What are the primary factors are contributing to the current increase in older adults?
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Increased life span
Aging baby boomer generation (born 1946-1964) |
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Developmental tasks of the older adult
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Adjusting to decreasing health and physical strength
Adjusting to retirement and reduced or fixed income Adjusting to death of spouse Accepting self as an aging person Maintaining satisfactory living arrangements Redefining relationships Finding ways to maintain quality of life |
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Physiological changes of old age - Integumentary
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loss of elasticity, pigmentation changes, glandular atrophy, thinning hair, slower nail growth, atrophy of epidermal arterioles.
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Physiological changes of old age - Respiratory
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Decreased cough reflex reduces removal of dust, mucus, and other irritants from airways. Decreased cilia, Decreased vital capacity (increased anterior-posterior chest diameter); Increased chest wall rigidity; Fewer alveoli; increased airway resistance; increased risk of respiratory infections.
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Physiological changes of old age - Cardiovascular
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Thickening of blood vessel walls; narrowing of vessel lumen; loss of vessel elasticity; lower cardiac output; decreased number of heart muscle fibers; decreased elasticity and calcification of the heart valves; decreased baroreceptor sensitivity; decreased efficiency of venous valves; increased pulmonary vascular tension; increased systolic blood pressure; decreased peripheral circulation.
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Physiological changes of old age - Gastrointestinal
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Periodontal disease; decrease in saliva, gastric secretions, and pancreatic enzymes; smooth muscle changes with decreased esophageal peristalsis and small intestine motility.
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Physiological changes of old age - Musculoskeletal
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decreased muscle mass, strength; decalcification of bones; degenerative joint changes; dehydration of interverterbral disks
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Physiological changes of old age - Neurological
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Degeneration of nerve cells, decrease in neurotransmitters, decrease in rate of conduction of impulses
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Physiological changes of old age - Sensory
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Decreased accommodation to near/far vision, difficulty adjusting to changes from light to dark, yellowing of the lens, altered color perception, increased sensitivity to glare, smaller pupils, Loss of acuity to high frequency sounds, thickening of tympanic membrane, sclerosis of inner ear, buildup of cerumen, fewer taste buds, decreased sense of smell, decreased skin receptors to touch, decreased awareness of body position in space.
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Physiological changes of old age - Genitourinary
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Fewer nephrons, 50% decrease in renal blood flow by age 80, decreased bladder capacity. Males: enlargement of prostate. Females: reduced sphincter tone.
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Physiological changes of old age - Endocrine
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Alteration in hormone production, decreased ability to respond to stress, Increased anti-inflammatory hormone, decreased secretion of pancreatic enzymes and hormones.
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presbyopia
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Decreased accommodation to near/far vision
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presbycusis
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loss of hearing acuity for high-frequency tones.
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Functional status of older adults usually refers to
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ability to safely perform ADLs
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Older adults are persons age ____ and older
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65
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Concerned with the assessment of the health and functional status of older adults
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Gerontological Nursing
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Nursing care of older adults considered to be the art and practice of nurturing and caring rather than treatment of a disease
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Gerontic Nursing
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Study of all aspects of the aging process and its consequences
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gerontology
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Branch of medicine dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases that affect the older adult
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Geriatrics
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Identify 4 myths or stereotypes regarding the older adult
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Ill, disabled, unattractive, forgetful, confused, rigid, bored, unfriendly, not worth as much as other people, wealthy or poor.
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Biological theories of aging that state that random cell damage leads to effects of aging
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Stochastic
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Biological theories of aging that state that pattern of aging is programmed into our genes
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Nonstochastic
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Adjusting to decreasing health and physical strength
Adjusting to retirement and reduced or fixed income Adjusting to death of spouse Accepting self as an aging person Maintaining satisfactory living arrangements Redefining relationships Finding ways to maintain quality of life |
The seven developmental tasks of the older adult
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In an older adult, what could any of the following symptoms indicate - Dizziness, urinary incontinence, mental status change, falls, dehydration, decrease in appetite, loss of function
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Acute illness (such as UTI or other infection)
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Decreased estrogen production, atrophy of vagina, uterus and breasts
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normal physiological changes to reproductive system
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Decrease in saliva, gastric secretions, and pancreatic enzymes
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normal physiological changes in gastrointestinal system
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Decreased ability to respond to stress
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normal physiological change in endocrine system
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pigmentation changes, glandular atrophy, thinning hair, thinning of skin
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normal physiological changes to integumentary system
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50% decrease in renal blood flow, decreased bladder capacity
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normal physiological changes to genitourinary system
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Decreased cough reflex, vital capacity, increased airway resistance
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normal physiological changes to respiratory system
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lower cardiac output, decreased baroreceptor sensitivity
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normal physiological changes to cardiovascular system
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Presbyopia, presbycusis, decreased proprioception
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normal physiological changes to sensory systems
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Decalcification of bones, degenerative changes, dehydration of intervertebral disks
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normal physiological changes to the musculoskeletal system
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Degeneration of nerve cells, decrease in neurotransmitters
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normal physiological changes to neurological system
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retirement, social isolation, sexuality changes, housing/environment challenges, losses due to death
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Psychosocial changes that older adults must commonly cope with.
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The leading cause of death of older adults in the US (as of 2010ish)
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Heart Disease
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The second most common cause of death of older adults in the US (as of 2010ish)
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Cancer
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The third most common cause of death of older adults in the US (as of 2010ish)
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Stroke (CVA)
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List 8 most common causes of death in order starting with the most common
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Heart Disease
Cancer Stroke (CVA) Lung disease Accidents/falls Diabetes Kidney Disease Liver Disease |
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Use of several different drugs at once (could be prescription or OTC, often prescribed by multiple practitioners). May lead to harmful drug interactions
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polypharmacy
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Technique to help older adult to be aware of time, place, and person
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reality orientation
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An alternative approach to communication with a confused adult
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validation therapy
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Can significantly lower agitation levels in demented older adults
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touch
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Possible causes include electrolyte imbalances and cerebral anoxia
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Delirium
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Older adults require increased amounts of the following nutrients:
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Vitamin C, Vitamin A, Calcium
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