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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Coordinated movements involves using the
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Bones , Joints, and Skeletal muscles properly
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Bones are
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a dense and hard type of connective tissue.
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what are the 4 basic bones types
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Short, Long, flat, and irregular
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what is a Joint
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a joint is a place of union of 2 or more bones in the body.
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what can move freely, slightly or can be immovable
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Joints
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Bursae
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small fluid sacs that provide a cushion at friction points in freely movable joints
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where are Bursae only placed?
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in Freely moveable joints
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Skeletal muscles
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striated muscles that are made of bundles of muscle fibers surrounded by a connective tissue sheath
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Tendons
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cords of fibrous connective tissue that connect a muscle to a bone to allow for joint movement
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Ligament
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connect bones or cartilage to provide support and strength
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Cartilage
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fibrous connective tissue that acts as a cushion
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what are the 5 functions of bones for positioning and moving patients?
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*scaffolding and framework of the body
*skeleton gives shapes to the body *Supports the internal organs and skin *bones provide places for Ligaments and tendons to attach *primary function of joints is to provide movement and flexibility to skeleton |
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what are the 2 functions of muscles for positioning and moving patients?
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*Skeletal muscle contraction is accomplished through the stimulation of its many muscle fibers
*contractions of skeletal muscles provides body heat and maintains posture |
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what 5 changes occur during aging
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*Bone strength and mass are lost because of mineral resorption
*loss of bone density *muscle cells are lost and replaced by fat cells *muscle fiber elasticity is decreased or lost causing decreased flexibility *Joint motion may decrease , limiting mobility, activity and exercise |
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Kinesiology
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The study of movement of the body
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2 reasons why its good to use good body mechanics
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*the body functions best when it is in correct anatomic position
*prevent injuries |
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alignment
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arrangement in a straight line , bring a ling into order
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a wide base of support
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8-10 inches apart
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do not fully extend your elbows or you will
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put stress and strain on your back muscles
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instead of using back muscles use
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thigh, are, or leg muscles
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Directly _______ the object or person to be moved
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Face
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do not ________ when lifting or pulling
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Twist
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Avoid twisting, instead if turning is needed then ________. ________ means
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Pivot . Pivot is to turn or change directions with your feet while remaining in a fixed place
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There are 2 basic principles for patients
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*Maintain correct anatomic position
*Change position frequently |
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3 Hazards of improper alignment and positioning
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*Pressure Ulcers
*Muscle cramps and possible Contractures *Fluid collection in lungs |
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Contractures
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resistance to stretch in damaged muscle that pulls a joint into a fixed or "frozen" position
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Necrosis
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local death of tissue from disease or injury
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Shearing
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applied force that causes a downward and forward pressure on the tissue beneath the skin
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Assessment
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Data Collection
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during assessment check for
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muscle weakness or paralysis and symmetry
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Symmetry
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equality in size, form and arrangement of parts on the opposite sides of a plane ; a mirror image
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Is a physicians order needed for a patient to be OOB?
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Yes.
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Gait
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Style of walking
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4 Nursing diagnoses commonly used for problems with body movement are as followed
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*Risk of injury
*Impaired physical mobility *Risk for impaired skin integrity *Impaired walking |
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changing positions accomplishes 4 things
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*comfort
*relieves pressure on bony prominences *prevent contractures, deformities and respiratory problems *improves circulation |
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Supine Position
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resting on back ______
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what are 5 variations of the Supine position
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Fowler , semi fowler, low fowler, dorsal recumbent and dorsal lithotomy positions
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What would you use the Supine position for?
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Spinal surgeries
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what is the fowler position
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60 to 90 degrees setting on the bed . |____
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what is the Semi fowler position ?
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30 t0 60 degrees setting on the bed \______
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What do the all fowler positions improve ?
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Cardiac output and respirationsand promotes urinary and bowel elimination .
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when do you not place a patient in a fowlers position unless ordered?
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a patient who has had Abdominal surgery
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elevation of the knees 15 degrees for the
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elderly and postoperative patients
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what is the difference between dorsal recumbent and Dorsal Lithotomy
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* Recumbent has your legs placed on bed and bent
*Lithotomy has your legs bent like youre doing a paps smear exam |
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Side lying position
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the major portion of the patients weight is on the shoulders and hips
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Sims position and who are they usually used for
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used for rectal exams, administering enemas and inserting suppositories . left arm is behind . right knee and thigh up above the the lower leg.
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prone position and who are they usually used for
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laying face down. spinal cord injury patients
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Knee-chest position and who are they usually used for
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variation of the prone position . usually used for rectal exams . doggy style lol
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what are some positioning devices
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pillows, boots, footboards, cushioned boots, trapeze bar, sand bags , hand rolls, trochanter rolls
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Logrolling
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turning the patient in one as a single unit while maintaining straight body alignment at all times
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when is logrolling mainly used
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in patients with injuries or surgery to the spine and for those who must avoid twisting
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when lines are changed in an occupied bed what moving technique is used
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logrolling
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when a lift sheet is used or not how many people are needed
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at least 3 when there isn't a lift sheet and 1 preferably 2 other assistance with a lift sheet
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what is ROM and what does it do
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Range of motion, all muscle joints are maximally stretched to achieve or maintain flexibility of the joint
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how often should ROM be performed a day and how many times a exercise
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once or twice a days ,3 to 5 times a exercise
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what is the difference between active and passive ROM
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*Active- the patient performs the exercise on their own, independently
*Passive- patient cannot actively move . |
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to prevent injury during passive ROM what should be done
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support the limb to be exercised above and below the joint
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before transferring a patient to a wheelchair what should you have the patient do?
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dangle their legs on the side of the bed
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Dangling
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term used for the patient position of sitting on the side of the bed with the legs and feet over the side. the feet are either on the floor on supported on a footstool
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before sitting on a wheel chair or ambulating what is the first step and why?
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dangling , to gradually accustom the body to the position change .
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before getting the patient out of bed you should assess the patient's
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balance, dizziness, hypotension or nausea
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what devices can be used to lift and transfer a patient
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mechanical lifts, lift or pull sheets, roller boards, slide boards and a gait belt
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what is the largest organ in the body
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the skin
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when providing or assisting patients in hygiene practices
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you are responsible for maintaining safety , privacy and warmth
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you should always encourage patients to function at their highest level of ____________________.
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independence
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Integumentary system
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contains the skin, hair, nails, sweat and sebaceous glands
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Sebaceous Glands
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The sebaceous glands are microscopic glands in the skin that secrete an oily/waxy matter, called sebum,
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what are the 2 main layers of the skin
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Epidermis and dermis
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Epidermis
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the outer thicker layer consisting of stratified squamous epithelial tissue and does not contain blood vessels . it receives its nutrition by diffusion by vessels in underlying tissues. it is also called the stratum corneum. the bottom layer of the epidermis contains melanocytes that secrete melanin
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Dermis
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inner thinner layer . its made of dense connective tissue that gives the skin strength and elasticity . it is also called the corium . it contains blood vessels nerves, fiber blasts the base of hair follicles , and glands ; the nails are derived from the epidermis . fiber blasts produce new cells to heal skin after injury . hair and nails are made of keratin and have no nerve endings or blood supply.
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Melanin and what does it protect against
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the main determinant of skin color, it absorbs light and protects against uv rays
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what are the 4 main functions of the skin
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protection, sensation, temperature regulation and excretion and secretion
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The sebaceous glands are microscopic glands in the skin that secrete an oily/waxy matter, called sebum what do they help do
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it makes the skin waterproof by preventing water loss from underlying tissue and too much water absorption during bathing and swimming.
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reactive hyperemia
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is the process in which the blood to a place where there was a decrease in circulation
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damaged skin characteristics include
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boggy or stiff or warmer or cooler
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what can also cause pressure ulcers besides pressure in a patient who is incontinent
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moisture
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incontinent
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has lost bowel or bladder control
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maceration
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softening of tissue that increases the chance of trauma or infection
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Diaphoresis
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perspiration
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when performing a skin assessment for pressure ulcer risks what should be used ? and how often should it be used
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The Braden Scale for predicting Pressure Sore Risk, reassess every 24 hours
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(pressure ulcer assessment) if there has not been damaged to the skin
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then expect the redness to subside in 30 to 45 minutes.
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if the redness persist (pressure ulcer assessment) after that time the pressure has done what to the skin?
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damaged
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where should you keep the heel of a totally immobile patient while in bed
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off the bed
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the initial care for pressure ulcers include
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debridement , wounds cleansing, and the application of dressings . antibiotic therapy and surgery
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what are the 4 basic bathing principles
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*cleanse the skin
*promote comfort *stimulate circulation *remove waste products secreted through the skin |