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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the prototype for hyperacidity?
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antacids (OTC)
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How do antacids works?
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buffer or neutralize hydrochloric acid & increase gastric pH
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What are the indications of antacids?
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-hyperacidity r/t gastritis
-peptic ulcer -hiatal hernia |
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What is the goal of using antacids?
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neutralize pH to about 3.5
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What type of antacids is TUMS?
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calcium carbonate
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When should antacids be given with other drugs?
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2 hours after or 1 hour before other drugs
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What are we concerned about with using antacids?
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changing the pH of the stomach will change absorption rate of other drugs taken.
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What is the SE of aluminum & calcium when used as antacids?
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constipation
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What is the SE of magnesium when used as an antacid?
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diarrhea
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If you have long term use of calcium antacids what is the concern?
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develop calcium oxidate stones and have ARF.
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What are the indications of antiemetics?
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prevent or relieve n/v
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What are the SE of antiemetics?
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-drowsiness
-tardive dyskinesia |
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Where do some of the antiemetics work?
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-dopamine
-serotonin -histamine |
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Which antiemetic works on the dopamine receptors?
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metoclopramide (reglan)
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What are the indications for metoclopramide (reglan)?
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-GERD
-postoperative for ileus -eliminate barium |
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What are SE with metoclopramide (reglan)?
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-drowsiness
-diarrhea (it improves GI motility) -extrapyramidal effects |
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Where do some of the peptic ulcer drugs work?
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-histamine
-proton pump -stomach H2 blocker -PPI |
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What is the prototypes of H2 blockers used for peptic ulcers?
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-cimetidine (Tagamet)
-ranitidine (Zantac) |
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How does H2 blockers cimetidine (Tagamet) or ranitidine (Zantac) work?
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prevent histamine from stimulating H2 receptors on gastric parietal cells
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What is the indication for H2 blockers cimetidine (Tagamet) or ranitidine (Zantac)?
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-treatment & prevention of PUD
-reflux diseases -hypersecretion of acid |
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What are the SE of H2 blockers cimetidine (Tagamet) or ranitidine (Zantac)?
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-anorexia
-n/v/d -constipation -confusion |
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What is the prototype of cytoprotective agent used for peptic ulcers?
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sucralfate (Carafate)
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What else does misoprostol used for other than peptic ulcers?
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to cause delivery/open the cervix
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What are the indications of sucralfate (Carafate)?
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-peptic ulcer tx
-prevent NSAID ulcers |
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How does sucralfate (Carafate) work?
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chemically combines w/substances from damaged cells in the ulcer crater, forms a protective acid-resistant barrier in the crater & prevents further erosion
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What is the prototype for Proton Pump Inhibitor that is used for peptic ulcers?
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omeprazole (Prilosec)
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How does PPI omeprazole (Prilosec) work?
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blocks acid secretion by inhibiting the ATPase enzyme at the gastric parietal cells
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What is the indication for PPI omeprazole (Prilosec)?
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-severe erosive esophagitis from GERD
-duodenal ulcer -long-term tx of hypersecretion |
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What is the SE of PPI omeprazole (Prilosec)?
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-rebound heart burn
-weakness -dizziness increase risk of c.diff -osteopenia |
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How long does it take for PPI omeprazole (Prilosec) to work?
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3-4 days
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What drug is best to prevent gastritis or peptic ulcers?
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H2 blocker drugs cimetidine (Tagamet) or ranitidine (Zantac)
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What drug is best to treat and prevent a peptic ulcer?
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PPI omeprazole (Prilosec)
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What is the prototype for stimulant laxative?
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biscodyl (Ducolax)
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How does the stimulant laxative biscodyl (Ducolax) work?
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works on intestinal mm & secretory cells to stimulate motility & fluid movement
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What is the caution with stimulant laxative biscodyl (Ducolax)?
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associated w/fluid loss and can lead to dependency
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What drug is an antiemetic and GI stimulant?
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metoclopramide (reglan)
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What is the prototype of prescription laxative?
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lactulose
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How does lactulose work?
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consists of sugars which are metabolized to acids to produce an osmotic effect w/increased fluid accumulation, distension, peristalsis
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When will you use lactulose to minimize ammonium levels?
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end stage liver failure
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What is the indication for lactulose?
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chronic constipation that does not respond to OTC bulk laxatives
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What are the SE of lactulose?
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-flatulence
-intestinal cramping -excessive dose with n/d |
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What is the prototype of prescription laxative that is used for colonoscopy?
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polyethylene glycol (GoLYTEly)
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What is the indications for polyethylene glycol (GoLYTEly)?
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-bowel cleaning before colonoscopy
-before barium enema |
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How does polyethylene glycol (GoLYTEly) work?
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mixture of PEG, sodium salts, and potassium chloride, is isotonic to body fluids so does not absorb or secrete electrolytes but acts as osmotic
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What are some of the bad SE with laxative use?
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dependency, the body may start to ONLY have bowel movements with use of the medication
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When should we NOT use anti-diarrheals?
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-bloody bowels
-high fever -unless you truly know what is going on, sometimes you want the body to rid of the infection. -just maintain fluid & electrolyte replacement |
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What is GERD?
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condition in which the stomach contents (food or liquid) leak backwards from the stomach into the esophagus
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What is GERD linked with?
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development of Barrett's esophagus (pre-cancerous stage of the cells in the esophagus)
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What is tardive dyskinesia?
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involuntary movements of the tongue, lips, face, trunk, and extremities that occur in pt treated with long-term dopaminergic antagonist medications
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What is constipation?
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occurs when bowel movements become difficult or less frequent. especially going longer than three days wo a stool.
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What is Maalox & Mylanta?
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antacids composed of aluminum hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide. they are used to relieve heartburn, acid indigestion, and upset stomach. they neutralize the stomach. they may be used alone or with other antacids.
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