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201 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Dorsal Cavity
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Includes the cranial and spinal cavities
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Ventral Cavity
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Includes the orbits and the nasal, oral, thoracic, and abdominopelvic cavities
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Epithelial Cells
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Cells that cover, line, and protect the body and its internal organs
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Connective Tissue
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Tissue that provides the body framework, support, and structure for the organs
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Nerve Tissue
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Tissue that is composed of neurons and connective tissue cells, commonly referred as neuroglia.
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Muscle Tissue
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Tissue that is classified as voluntary muscle (skeletal) or involuntary muscle (smooth and cardiac muscles tissues)
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CELL Nucleus
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Contains the DNA within the chromosomes. It contains materials for regeneration and instructions for its function
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CELL Ribosomes
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Organelles that read RNA produced by DNA and translate genetic instructions to produce PROTEIN.
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CELL Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Membranous organelle attached to the nuclear membrane and consists of ROUGH and SMOOTH areas.
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CELL Rough E.R.
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It is responsible for protein synthesis and membrane production. (CONTAINS several ribosomes)
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CELL Smooth E.R.
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It functions in detoxification and metabolism of multiple molecules. (LACKS ribosomes)
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CELL Golgi Apparatus
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Its the packaging, processing, and shipping organelle. It transports materials from the E.R. throughout the cell
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CELL Lysosomes
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Intracellular digestion. Its packed with hydrolytic enzymes and can hydrolyze protiens, fats, sugars, and nucleic acids
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CELL Vacuoles
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It has many roles. Assists with phagocytosis, by creating a food vacuole
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CELL Mitochondria
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Produces cell energy (POWERHOUSE)
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CELL Cellular Membrane
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Most important component, it contributes to protection, communication, and passage of substance into and out
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CELL Cellular Membrane Makeup
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Consists of bilayer of phospholipids with proteins, cholesterol, and glycoproteins peppered throughout
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CELL Proteins
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Proteins include enzymes that regulate all chemical reactions within the body
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Mitosis
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Necessary for growth and repair. The DNA is duplicated and distributed evenly into two daughter cells
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Meiosis
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Cell division occurs in gonads area. It reduces its chromosome number from 46 to 23.
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Mucous Membrane
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Produces sticky and thick fluid called mucous (nasal, oral, intestinal, gastric, esophageal)
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Serous Membrane
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Smooth and thin layer of cells that produces lubricating fluid to reduce friction from muscle movement
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Synovial Membrane
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Tissue that lines on non-cartilage surfaces to provide separation and ease of movement between joints
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Cutaneous
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Skin composed of two layers, the epidermis and the dermis
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Sudoriferous Gland
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Produces sweat
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Sebaceous Gland
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Produces oil/waxy matter
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Ceruminous Gland
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Produces earwax or cerumen
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Cartilage
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Replaced by bone in embryonic development and is found mainly in joints, thorax, and various rigid tubes
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Skin
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The largest organ in the body
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SKIN Epidermis
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the outer-most protective layer of dead keratinized epithelial cells
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SKIN Dermis
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The underlying layer of connective tissue with blood vessels, nerve endings, and the associated skin structures
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SKIN Epidermal Structure
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Layers from out to in are Stratum corneum, licidum, granulosum, and inner-most germinativum. Epidermal cells produce melanin
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SKIN Dermal Sweat Glands
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Contains two types of sweat glands, eccrine (regulate body temperature) and apocrine secretions (armpit and groin)
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SKIN Dermal Sebaceous Glands
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Sebum is the oily release to the hair follicles that lubricates the skin and prevents drying
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SKIN Appendages
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Hair and nails that are composed of a strong protein called keratin.
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What does the body framework consist of?
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Bone, cartilage, and ligaments, plus the joints between the bones.
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What are the functions of the skeletal system?
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Support, permission of movement, hemopoiesis, protection of internal organs, detoxification, provision for muscle attachment, calcium and phosphorus storage (mainly).
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BONES Classification of bones
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Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, and sesamoid bones
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BONES Description of a typical long bone
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Irregular epiphysis at each end, composed mainly of spongy (cancellous) bone, and a shaft or diaphysis of compact bone
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BONES Cells that form compact bones
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Osteoblasts; when they are fixed in dense bone matrix, they stop dividing, but continue to maintain bone tissue as osteocytes
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BONES Example of sesamoid bone
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Patella
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BONES Axial skeleton skull bones
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28 bones in skull; 14 facial bones and 14 cranium bones; the mandible is the only movable bone in the skull
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BONES Axial skeleton vertebral columns
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33 vertebral columns; 7 cervical vertebrae; 12 thoracic vertebrae; 5 lumbar vertebrae; 5 scaral "fused" vertebrae; 1 coccygeal vertebrae
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BONES Axial skeleton thorax cage
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Sternum bones; 12 pair of rib bones
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BONES Appendicular skeleton upper portion
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Pectoral or shoulder girdle, clavicle, scapula, and upper extremity
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BONES Appendicular skeleton arms
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Humerus, radius, ulna, 8 carpals (wrist), 5 metacarpals (hand), 14 phalanges (fingers)
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BONES Appendicular skeleton lower portion
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Pelvic girdle or os coxae (consists of fused ilium, ischium, and pubis)
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BONES Appendicular skeleton lower extremity
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Femur, tibia, fibula, 7 tarsals (ankle), 5 metatarsals (foot), and 14 phalanges (toes)
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MUSCLE How movement is produced
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By contracting in response to nervous stimulation
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MUSCLE How does contraction result
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From the sliding together of actin and myosin filaments within the muscle cell or fiber.
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MUSCLE What does each muscle cell consist of
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Myofibrils, which in turn are made up of still smaller units of sacromeres
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MUSCLE What must be present for contraction to result
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Calcium and adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
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MUSCLE How does contraction occur
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1. Nervous stimulation from motor neuron release Ca ion from sacroplasmic reticulum
2. Ca ion attaches to inhibitory proteins on actin filaments within the cell, moving aside that results cross-bridge between actin and myosin filaments 3. Using energy from ATP, filaments slide together to produce contraction |
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MUSCLE What type are the skeletal muscles
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Voluntary muscles; they are under conscious control
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MUSCLE What must occur for skeletal muscle to function
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Must work in pairs
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MUSCLE What is the name of the muscle that executes movement
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Prime mover
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MUSCLE What is the name of the muscle that produces opposite movement
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Antagonist
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MUSCLE What is the name of the muscle that cooperates with the prime mover
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Synergist
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MUSCLE What is a flexor muscle
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Flexors reduce angle at the joint
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MUSCLE What is a extensor muscle
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Extensor increase angle at the joint
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MUSCLE What is the abductor muscle
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Moves limb away from the midline
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MUSCLE What is the adductor muscle
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Returns limb back toward the body
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NERVOUS What does nervous system consists of
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Brain, the spinal cord, and the nerves
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NERVOUS What is the nervous system (part 1)
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Vital system that perceives changes in external and internal environments to respond to the changes
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NERVOUS Examples of perception
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Seeing, hearing, tasting, smelling, and touching
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NERVOUS What is the nervous system (part 2)
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It makes body movement possible by supplying nerve impulses to skeletal muscles to contract
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NERVOUS How does the nervous and endocrine systems work together
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By correlating and integrating body functions (i.e. digestion and reproduction)
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NERVOUS What actions of the nervous system depend
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Transmission of nerve impulses over neurons, or nerve cells, the functional unit of the nervous system
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NERVOUS What are the main parts of a neuron
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Cell body, axon, and dendrites
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NERVOUS How does a neuron function
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Dendrites transmit impulses toward cell body, and axon transmit the impulse away from the cell body
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NERVOUS What are the divisions of the nervous system
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Central nervous system (CNS; consists of brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (PNS; consists of nerves and their branches)
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NERVOUS What neurons transmit impulses from PNS to CNS
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Sensory (afferent) neurons
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NERVOUS What neuron transmits impulses away form CNS to PNS
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Motor (efferent) neurons
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NERVOUS What is the CEREBRUM responsible for
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Sensory input and its associate with movement
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NERVOUS What is the CEREBELLUM responsible for
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Muscular coordination
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NERVOUS What is the MEDULLA OBLONGATA responsible for
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Controls many vital functions (i.e. respiration and heart rate)
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NERVOUS Describe the spinal cord
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Approximately 18 inches long, from the skull base (foramen magnum) to the first or second lumbar vertebrae
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NERVOUS How many pairs of nerves exit the spinal cord
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31 pairs
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NERVOUS What are simple (spinal) reflexes
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Nerve impulses that travel through spinal cord, but it does not reach the brain
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NERVOUS How do most impulses travel
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Through reflex pathways to and from brain in ascending and descending tracts of the spinal cord.
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NERVOUS Where does the sensory impulses enter
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Dorsal horns of the spinal cord
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NERVOUS Where does the motor impulses leave through
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Ventral horns of the spinal cord
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ENDOCRINE How does the endocrine and nervous system assist each other
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Maintaining homeostasis and plays important roles in growth and sexual maturation
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ENDOCRINE Where do the endocrine and nervous system meet
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At the hypothalamus and pituitary gland
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ENDOCRINE Describe the hypothalamus
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It governs the pituitary and it is controlled by the feedback of hormones in the blood
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ENDOCRINE What do both nervous and endocrine system achieve
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They coordinate and control the body, but the endocrine system has more long-lasting and widespread effect
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ENDOCRINE What are hormones
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Chemical messengers that control growth, differentiation, and metabolism of specific target cells
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ENDOCRINE What are some types of hormones and their objectives
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Two major types, steroid and protein hormones. Most hormones affect cell activity by altering the rate of protein synthesis
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ENDOCRINE What are steroid hormones
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They enter the target cell and have direct effect on the DNA of the nucleus
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ENDOCRINE What are protein hormones
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They remain at cell surface and act through a second messenger, usually adenosine mono phosphate (AMP)
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ENDOCRINE What is the main function of the endocrine glands
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Production of hormones
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ENDOCRINE What other organs produce hormones
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Stomach, small intestine, and kidneys
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ENDOCRINE Which areas release hormones during stress
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Adrenal cortex, hypothalamus, and the posterior and anterior pituitary
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ENDOCRINE What hormone is released by the adrenal cortex during stress
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Cortisol; It reduces inflammation, raises the blood sugar level, and inhibits the release of histamine
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ENDOCRINE What is another name for the pituitary gland
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The master gland
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ENDOCRINE Where is the pituitary and the hypothalamus attached
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By a stalk called the infundibulum
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ENDOCRINE How many portions does the pituitary gland have
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2 portions; anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)
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ENDOCRINE What are the hormones called from the adenohypophysis portion
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Tropic hormones; they act mainly on the other endocrine glands
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ENDOCRINE What are some tropic hormones
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1. Somatotropin (STH) or Growth Hormone (GH)
2. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) 3. Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) 4. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) 5. Luteinizing Hormone (LH) |
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ENDOCRINE What are some hormones released by the posterior pituitary
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1. Oxytocin (labor hormone)
2. Anti-diuretic Hormone (ADH) |
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ENDOCRINE What are some other important endocrine glands
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Thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas, and gonads (ovaries and testes)
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BLOOD What components make up blood
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55% plasma; 45% formed elements: erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and platelets
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BLOOD Where are all formed elements produced
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From a stem cell in the red bone marrow
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BLOOD What is the main role of erythrocytes
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To transport oxygen; oxygen is bound to the pigmented protein hemoglobin
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BLOOD What distinguishes the five type of leukocytes
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Size, appearance of nucleus, staining properties, and presence or absence of visible cytoplasmic granules
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BLOOD What are white blood cells mostly active in
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Phagocytosis (neutrophils and monocytes) and antibody formation (lymphocytes)
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BLOOD What are platelets mostly active in
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Blood clotting
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BLOOD What are some of the functions of blood
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Transports oxygen and nutrients to body cells, and to carry away carbon dioxide and metabolic waste
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BLOOD What does plasma contain
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10% protein, ions, nutrients, waste products, and hormones, which dissolve or suspense in water
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BLOOD What is the function of the heart in reference to being a double pump
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It sends blood to the lungs for oxygenation through the pulmonary circuit and to the remainder of the body through the systemic circuit
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BLOOD Where in the heart is the blood received
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In the atrias
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BLOOD Where is the heart is the blood pump to circulation
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In the ventricles
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BLOOD What are the valves between the aria and ventricle in the heart
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Tricuspid valve on the right side and Bicuspid (Mitral) valve on the left side
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BLOOD Where are the semilunar valves found in the heart
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At the entrance of pulmonary trunk and the aorta
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BLOOD How is blood supplied to the heart muscle (myocardium)
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By the coronary arteries
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BLOOD How is blood drained from the heart muscle (myocardium)
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Drained into the right atrium through the coronary sinus
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BLOOD What causes the heart to have an intrinsic beat
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Its caused by the sinoatrial node; its transmitted along a conduction system through the myocardium
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BLOOD What device can measure the electrical activity of the heart
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An electrocardiogram (ECG)
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BLOOD Define the cardiac cycle
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Is the period from the end of 1 ventricular contraction to the end of the next ventricular contraction
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BLOOD Define systole
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Its the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle
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BLOOD Define diastole
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Its the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle
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BLOOD Define arteries
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Carries blood away from the heart
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BLOOD Define veins
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Carries blood to the heart
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BLOOD Define microscopic vessels
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Known as capillaries; exchange take place between blood and cell of the body
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BLOOD Where does the systemic arteries begin
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From the aorta; which sends branches to all parts of the body
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BLOOD Define arterioles
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The smallest form of arteries
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BLOOD How does blood reach the heart
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Through the inferior and superior venae cavae; they empty at the right atrium
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BLOOD Define the walls of the arteries
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Thick and elastic; so they can carry blood under high pressure
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BLOOD What causes vasoconstriction and vasodilation
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It results from contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle in the arterial walls; changes pressure and blood distribution
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BLOOD Define the walls of the veins
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Thinner and less elastic than arteries; they carry blood under lower pressure
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BLOOD What mechanisms allow blood to flow back to the heart
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Skeletal muscle pressure, expansion of chest in breathing, and valves in veins of the legs to keep blood moving forward
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LUNGS What are the components of the respiratory system
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Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs with alveoli, diaphragm, and muscles surrounding the ribs
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LUNGS Where is the respiratory center control in the brain
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In the medulla oblongata
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LUNGS What is the primary function of the respiratory system
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To supply oxygen to the body and eliminate carbon dioxide
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LUNGS What is external respiration
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The exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood through the alveoli
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LUNGS What is internal respiration
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The exchange of gases between the blood and the body cells
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LUNGS Define gas exchange pathway between nasal cavities and alveoli
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To and from the lungs; gases travel both ways
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LUNGS What is another service that the upper passageways provide
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They warm, filter, and moisten incoming air
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LUNGS What prevents debris and foreign substance from entering the lungs
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Cilia; they line the upper respiratory tubules
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LUNGS Define Inhalation
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Contraction of the diaphragm, enlargement of the chest cavity, and draw air into lungs
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LUNGS Define Exhalation
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Passive process in which lungs recoil as respiratory muscles relax and thorax decreases in size
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LUNGS Where is most of the oxygen carried
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In the hemoglobin, inside the red blood cells
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LUNGS Define hemoglobin and oxygenation
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Oxygen is release from the hemoglobin when oxygen drops in the tissues
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LUNGS Define carbon dioxide's role
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Some are carried in solution or bound to blood proteins; Most are converted to bicarbonate ion by carbonic anhydrase within red blood cells
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LUNGS What gas regulates the blood pH
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Carbon dioxide; because the carbonic anhydrase causes a release of hydrogen ions
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DIGESTIVE What does the digestive tube consists of
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Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus
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DIGESTIVE What are the accessory organs
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Liver, pancreas, and the gallbladder
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DIGESTION Define mastication
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Chewing; ingested food in mouth mechanically broken down by teeth and tongue
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DIGESTION Primary role of saliva during digestion
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Lubricate and dilate chewed food; contains amylase, that starts the digestion of complex carbohydrates
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DIGESTION Define bolus
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A ball of food
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DIGESTION What forces food from the pharynx to the upper portion of the esophagus
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The constrictive muscles of the pharynx
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DIGESTION Define the 4 main layers of the digestive tract
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From inner to outer; the mucous membrane, the submucous layer, the muscular layer, and serous layer
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DIGESTIVE What occurs when food enters the stomach
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Gastric glands secrete hydrochloric acid to break down foods; the stomach muscle churns and mixes the food
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DIGESTIVE Define Chyme
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Occurs after the stomach converts the bolus of food to a soupy substance
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DIGESTIVE What organ stores food and regulates the movement into the small intestine
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The stomach
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DIGESTIVE Where does most digestion and absorption occur
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In the small intestine; enzymes from small intestine, pancreas, and liver contribute to the process
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DIGESTIVE Which accessory organ contributes water to neutralize acid from stomach
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The pancreas; by diluting the chyme and bicarbonate ions
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DIGESTIVE What are the three major regions of the small intestine
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The duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum; nutrients are absorbed through these walls
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DIGESTIVE What is absorbed directly into the blood
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Amino acids, simple sugars derived from proteins, and carbohydrates
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DIGESTIVE Where are fats absorbed
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Through the lymph by the lacteals, which will eventually be added to bloodstream
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DIGESTIVE Where do the nutrients travel after being absorbed by the small intestine
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They travel to the hepatic portal vein, on route to the liver for decontamination
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DIGESTIVE Define villi in the digestive tract
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They are small finger-like projections that greatly increase the surface area of the intestinal wall
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DIGESTIVE Define primary role of large intestine
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Re-absorption of water and stores and eliminates undigested food; large amounts of bacteria are present, intestinal flora
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DIGESTIVE What are the five portions of the large intesine
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The ascending colon, transverse colon, desending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum
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DIGESTIVE Define enzymes in mouth
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Amylase - breaks polysaccharides
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DIGESTIVE Define enzymes in pancreas
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Trypsin and chymotrypsin - breaks proteins
Amylase - breaks polysaccharides Lipase - breaks lipids |
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DIGESTIVE Define enzymes in small intestine
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Peptidase - breaks proteins
Sucrases - breaks sugars Amylase - breaks polysaccharides |
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URINARY What consists of the urinary system
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2 kidneys, 2 ureters, a urinary bladder, and the urethra
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URINARY What is the overall objective of the kidney
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To filter the blood
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URINARY What is the overall objective of the ureters
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To transport the urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
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URINARY What is the overall objective of the urinary bladder
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To store urine before urination through the urethra, then to the outside
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URINARY What is the functional units of the kidney
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The nephrons; small coiled tubes filter waste out of the blood brought to the kidney by the renal artery
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URINARY Where does the actual filtration occur
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Through the glomerulus in the Bowman's capsule; it occurs under the force of blood pressure
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URINARY What occurs to the components need by the body during filtration
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Water, glucose, and ions leave the nephron by diffusion and reenter the blood; water is reabsorbed at the tubules
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URINARY What is the final product of the nephron
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Millions of nephrons per kidney produces urine
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MALE What is the male sex organ
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Testes
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MALE What is the functions of the testes
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1. Produce gametes (sex cells)
2. Produce hormones |
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MALE What type of reproduction cycle does men have
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Continuous; the gametes are formed by meiosis
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MALE Where does the spematozoa develps
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Within the seminiferous tubules of each testis
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MALE Where does the production of testosterone occur
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In the interstitial cells between the seminiferous tubules
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MALE What are the responsibilities of the testosterone hormone
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Influences sperm development and produces male secondary sex characteristics (i.e. body hair, deep voice)
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MALE Where is the sperm stored
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In the epididymis of each testicle
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MALE Define the ejaculatory pathway
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Sperm travels through the vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, and urethra
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MALE What glands facilitate the travel sperm by producing semen
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The seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral (Cowper's) glands
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MALE What part of the brain controls the testicular activity
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Two hormones from the anterior pituitary, FSH and ICSH or LH
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MALE What is the Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) responsible
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Stimulation of sperm production
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MALE What is the Interstitial Cell-Stimulating Hormone (ICSH) or Luteinizing Hormone (LH) responsible
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Stimulation of the interstitial cells to produce testosterone
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FEMALE What is the sex organ for the female
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Ovaries
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FEMALE What are the functions of the ovaries
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1. Production of gametes (sex cells)
2. Production of hormones |
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FEMALE Which gland controls the activities of the ovaries
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The pituitary gland via the tropic hormones
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FEMALE What type of reductive cycle does women have
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Cyclic; gametes are formed by meiosis
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FEMALE What occurs each month for a women in her reproductive years
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Several eggs ripen withing the ovarian follicles in the ovary, under the influence of FSH
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FEMALE What occurs during the production of estrogen
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It initiates the preparation of the endometrium of the uterus for pregancy
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FEMALE What occur at approximately day 14 of cycle
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LH is released from the anterior pituitary, which stimulates ovulation and the conversion of follicle to corpus luteum
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FEMALE What does the occurs in the corpus luteum
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It produces progesterone hormone, which will further stimulate development of the endometrium
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FEMALE What occurs if fertilization is successful or a failure
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Successful - the corpus luteum remains functional
Failure - the corpus luteum degenerates and menstruation begins |
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FEMALE What occurs during ovulation
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The egg is swept into the oviduct or fallopian tube
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FEMALE Where does fertilization occur
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It occurs while the egg is in the oviduct
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FEMALE What occurs after the egg has been fertilize
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The fertilize egg or zygote travels to the uterus and implants itself within the endometrium
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FEMALE What occurs after the egg has implated itself within the endometrium
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The embryo is nourished by the placenta, which is formed by maternal and embryonic tissues
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FEMALE What occurs during pregnancy
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Hormones from the placenta maintain the endometrium and prepare the breasts for milk production
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