Histology Lecture Blood

RBC production

It happens in the bone marrow

Low oxygen level in tissues

-Hormone that stimulates the RBC production.

-Produced by the kidney

-increased number of circulating RBC

-decreased number of circulating RBC

What do you mean by "tosis"

What do you mean by "penia"

-Decreased in oxygen carrying capacity of rbc

-not a disease but symptom

RBC is bigger than its normal size

-RBC in normal size

-RBC is smaller than its normal size

-variation in RBC shape

-variation in RBC size

-RBC appearing darker than normal due to increased hgb content

-RBC appearing paler due to decreased hgb

-RBC with normal hgb content

What do you mean by "Hyper"

What do you mean by "Hypo"

What do you mean by "Normo"

A specialized connective tissue, has fluid extracellular matrix known as plasma, with suspended cellular elements.

is pumped by the rhythmic contractions of the heart flowing in a single direction at a close circuit called circulatory system.

General functions of the Blood

Characteristics of Blood

What is the range of ph level of blood

What is the average ph level of blood

What is the blood volume of males

What is the blood volume of females

What is the composition of blood?

the fluid matrix of whole blood

What are the components of plasma?

What are the gases in plasma

liquid portion of clotted blood w/o fibrinogen

Contains growth factors and other proteins released by the platelets during clotting process.

What are the formed elements?

Maturation Time (from stem cell until mature cells, in days) of ERYTHROCYTES

Maturation Time (from stem cell until mature cells, in days) of GRANULOCYTES

Maturation Time (from stem cell until mature cells, in days) of MONOCYTE

Maturation Time (from stem cell until mature cells, in days) of LYMPHOCYTES

Maturation Time (from stem cell until mature cells, in days) of PLATELETS

Survival Time of ERYTHROCYTES

Survival Time of GRANULOCYTES (The three of them)

Survival Time of MONOCYTE

Survival Time of LYMPHOCYTE

Survival Time of PLATELETS

EDTA tube WB

-Monitor long term glucose control

-Diabetes

-No fasting requirement

-dies after releasing granulytes

-first to attack

If there is a parasite

For allergic and hypersensitivity

What is the product of maturation of megakaryocytes?

Other term for red blood cells

-Biconcave disc (6-8µ in diameter)

➢ Formed in the bone marrow

➢ Non-nucleated

➢ Ave life span of 30-120 days

Oxygen binding pigment responsible for the transport of most 𝑂2 in the body.

➢ Composed of iron & protein

➢ Combined readily with 𝑂2 to form oxyhemoglobin

-immature (still have nucleus)

-mature (no nucleus)

2 classification of Lymphocytes

Has nucleus & cytoplasm

2 types of Leukocytes (and what is under them)

Cell size- 10-15 um

➢Cytoplasmic characteristics

• With fine lilac-pink granules diffusedly distributed

•Granules do not lie in over the nucleus

Nuclear characteristics

•Nuclear lobes connected by thin filaments

•Coarse and clumped chromatin

Normal values:

• Relative count: 50-70%

• Absolute count:1800-7800/μl

or 1.8 − 7.8 𝑥10^9/L

Has active role in the phagocytosis of bacteria and other small particles

➢ Usually the first leukocyte to arrive at the site of infection

Cell size- 10-15 um

➢ Cytoplasmic characteristics

• Reddish-orange large granules

• Granules do not lie in over the nucleus

Nuclear characteristics

• Nuclear usually segmented 2 lobes

• Coarse and clumped chromatin

Relative count: 2-4%

• Absolute count: 350-600/μl

or 0.35 − 0.60 𝑥10^9/L

•Helps in killing parasitic worm or helminths with the help of Major Basic •Protein that is present in eosinophil together with eosinophil peroxidase and other enzymes and toxins

➢ Modulates inflammatory responses through releasing of chemokines, lipid mediators and cytokines (response to allergies/allergic condition)

➢ Has important role in inflammatory response due to allergies

-bi lobe

-smaller than neutrophil

-Active when parasitic

➢ Cell size- 10-14 um ➢ Cytoplasmic characteristics

• Bluish-black with variable size granules

• Granules unevenly distributed and lie in over the nucleus

Nuclear characteristics

• Nucleus is indistinct

• Unsegmented or bilobed nucleus

Normal values:

• Relative count: 0-1%

• Absolute count: 0-200/μl

or 0 − 0.02 𝑥10^9/L

Release heparin, histamine & peroxidase

➢ Involved in intermediate & delayed hypersensitivity reaction

-active in allergic reaction

➢ Cell size- 10-15 um

➢ Cytoplasmic characteristics

• Similar to neutrophil with lilac granules

• Indentation is not more than one half (½) of the total cell width of cell’s indent point

Nuclear characteristics

• Nucleus is curved, elongated or sausage shaped

Normal values:

• Relative count: 2-6%

• Absolute count: 350-700/μl or 0.35 − 0.70 𝑥10^9/L

Cell size- 6-10 um

➢ Cytoplasmic characteristics

• Sky blue

• Small amount with darkest blue cytoplasm

• Lacking granules

Nuclear characteristics

• Nucleus is compact, large, round

• Almost occupies entire cell

Normal values:

• Relative count: 25- 40%

• Absolute count: 1000-4800/μl or 1.0 − 4.8 𝑥10^9/𝐿

➢ Cell size- 12-15 um

➢ Cytoplasmic characteristics

• Sky blue

• Abundant cytoplasm

Nuclear characteristics

• Nucleus is immature looking with fine chromatin

Normal values:

➢ Relative count: 25-40%

➢ Absolute count: 1000-4800/μl or 1.0 − 4.8 𝑥10^9/L

Has different roles in immune defense from invading microorganisms, some parasites and abnormal cells

defense against cancer cell

➢ Cell size-14-20 um

➢ Cytoplasmic characteristics

• Blue gray cytoplasm

Nuclear characteristics

• Single nucleus, partially lobulated, deeply indented or horseshoe shaped

• Chromatin are fine parallel strands

➢ Normal values:

• Relative count: 2-8%

• Absolute count: 300-800/μl or 0.3 − 0.80 𝑥10^9/L

➢ Precursor of macrophages and cells in connective tissues like osteoclast, microglia

➢ Monocyte-derived cells serves as antigen presenting cells which is important role in immune response

If it is in the blood

If it is in the tissue

Irregular fragments of cells formed in the bone marrow

➢ from a much larger cell (megakaryocyte)

➢ Non-nucleated

➢ Lightest element of blood

➢ 2-4µm in diameter

➢ Difficult to count

• Adhere easily on surface

• Easily disintegrates

➢ NV: 150,000-400,000/cu.mm

Function

➢ Maintain the integrity of BV ➢ Forms hemostatic plugs to stop blood loss from injury vessels ➢ Release serotonin

The liquid portion of circulating blood

comprise the formed elements

Important protein components of plasma

-make up the hematocrit portion (~45%) of a blood sample

-are enucleated, biconcave discs 7.5 µm in diameter, filled with hemoglobin for the uptake, transport, and release of O2, and with a normal life span of about 120 days

broadly grouped as granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) or agranulocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes).

TRUE OR FALSE. All leukocytes become active outside the circulation, specifically leaving the microvasculature in a process involving cytokines, selective adhesion, changes in the endothelium, and transendothelial migration or diapedesis

All granulocytes have specialized lysosomes called _____

the most abundant type of leukocyte, have polymorphic, multilobed nuclei, and faint pink cytoplasmic granules that contain many factors for highly efficient phagolysosomal killing and removal of bacteria.

have bilobed nuclei and eosinophilic specific granules containing factors for destruction of helminthic parasites and for modulating inflammation

the rarest type of circulating leukocyte, have irregular bilobed nuclei and resemble mast cells with strongly ******ic specific granules containing factors important in allergies and chronic inflammatory conditions, including histamine, heparin, chemokines, and various hydrolases

agranulocytes with many functions as T- and B-cell subtypes in the immune system, range widely in size, depending on their activation state, and have roughly spherical nuclei with little cytoplasm and few organelles.

are larger agranulocytes with distinctly indented or C-shaped nuclei that circulate as precursors of macrophages and other cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system

are small (2-4 µm) cell fragments derived from megakaryocytes in bone marrow, with a marginal bundle of actin filaments, alpha granules and delta granules, and an open canalicular system of membranous vesicles; rapid degranulation on contact with collagen triggers blood clotting.