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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the cell?
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The basic unit of structure and function in the human body
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Nerve Cells
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have long extensions, transmit impulses, and respond to stimuli
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Types of Cells (5)
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nerve, muscle, red blood cells, gland cells, immune cells
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Plasma membrane
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surrounds the cell. separates the contents of the cell from its surrounding environment
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Cytoplasm
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gel like substance inside cell composed of organelles in cytosol
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Cytosol
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watery fluid inside a cell
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Nucleus
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large membranous structure in the center of the cell
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Membrane proteins
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control what goes through membrane; embedded in phospholipid bilayer
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Channel proteins
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allow transport of molecules from one place to another; a protein
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Receptor proteins
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in the presence of hormones, trigger metabolic changes in cell
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Enzyme molecules
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regulate metabolic reactions
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Glycoproteins
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decipher normal from abnormal cells; allow body to attack cancer or bacterial cells
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Membranous organelles
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made of the same membrane material as the plasma membrane
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Non-membranous organelles
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made of microscopic filaments
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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miniature circulatory system of cell; membranous; sacs arranged in parallel rows
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Types of ER
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rough and smooth
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Rough ER
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lined with ribosomes; proteins are made and transported here
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Smooth ER
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makes lipids that form cell membranes
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Ribosome
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only non-membranous organelle; is the protein factory of cell
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Golgi Apparatus
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membranous; contains cisternae; processes and packages materials to leave cell
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Cisternae
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tiny sacs stacked on each other in Golgi Apparatus near nucleus
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Lysosomes
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membranous;digest and destroy microbes invading the cell
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Peroxisomes
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membranous;contain enzymes that detoxify harmful substances; in kidney and liver cells
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Mitochondria
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membranous; make ATP; provide energy to be used in cell
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ATP
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adenosine triphosphate; energy
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What does it mean if a cell does a lot of work?
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there are lots of mitochondria in its cytoplasm
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Nucleus
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made up mostly by DNA; spherical in shape; has 2 membranes
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Nuclear envelope
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membranes around nucleus
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Nuclear pores
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numerous pores of the nucleus
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Nucleoplasm
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describes the nuclear substance; DNA is in this
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Chromatin
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DNA granules within the nucleus in NONDIVIDING stage; chroma=color which means readily takes colors of dyes
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Chromosomes
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DNA that is tightly coiled during cell division that are short and rod-like
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How many chromosomes do normal cells have?
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46
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How many chromosomes do sex cells have?
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23
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DNA molecules
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contain master code for making all enzymes and proteins of cell
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Nucleolus
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small and non-membranous; composed of RNA; makes rRNA and forms ribosomes when combined with protein
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Cytoskeleton
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framework of cell that provides support and allows movement; made of rod-like pieces and muscle-like fibers
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Microfilaments
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smallest cell fibers "cellular muscles"
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Microvilli
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found in intestines; allow increased surface area for faster absorbtion
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Cilia
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tiny hair-like projections; move material and mucus; found in respiratory tract and reproductive tract
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Flagella
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used for cellular locomotion; ONLY in sperm cells
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Desmosomes
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hold skin cells tightly together
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Gap junctions
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form tunnels that join cytoplasm of 2 cells and fuse 2 plasma membranes into one structure
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Tight junctions
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line the intestines; like a six pack of cans
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Passive transport processes
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do not require any energy
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Active transport
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require atp from cell, pulled across membrane
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Diffusion
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passive process, small particles spread out evenly within any given space, produces an equilibrium
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Molecules move...
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from high concentration to low concentration down a concentration gradient
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Concentration gradient
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a measurable difference in concentration from one area to another
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Equilibrium
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balanced state of molecules of a substance on both sides of a membrane
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Dialysis
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separation of smaller solute particles form larger solute particles
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____ are particles dissolved in a ____ forming a mixture called a ____
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solutes, solvent, solution
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Osmosis
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diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane, does not allow solutes
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Isotonic
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equilibrium of water across a cell membrane, same osmotic pressure
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Hypertonic
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more solvent outside the cell than in, causing the cell to shrivel up
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Hypotonic
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more solvent inside the cell than outside, causing the cell to get larger, maybe even burst
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Facilitated diffusion
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diffusion of molecules through a membrane by means of a carrier molecule; passive transport
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Filtration
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passive; water and permeable solutes move through a membrane when a hydrostatic pressure gradient exists across the membrane.
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Hydrostatic pressure
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force, or weight of a fluid pushing against a surface
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Active transport
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carrier mediated process; low concentration to high; requires ATP
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Endocytosis and exocytosis require ________ and allow??
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metabolic energy of cell; substances to enter or leave cell without moving thorugh plasma membrane
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Endocytosis
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traps material and brings it into the cell without moving through its cell membrane
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types of endocytosis
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phagocytosis and pinocytosis
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phagocytosis
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cell eating
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Pinocytosis
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cell drinking
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Catabolism
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breaks larger molecules into smaller ones, producing energy
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Anabolism
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builds large molecules from small ones; requires energy;central anabolic pathway is protein synthesis
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Enzymes
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regulate cell metabolism; chemical catalysts; lock and key
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substrate
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molecule being acted on by the enzyme molecule
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Cellular respiration
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example of cell catabolism; glucose is converted into carbon dioxide and water; released energy is changed to heat and ATP.
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Glycolysis
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does not require oxygen; anaerobic; glucose is broken into pyruvic acid molecules to yield a small amount of energy
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Lactic acid
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formed when pyruvic acid does not have enough energy to continue on to the citric acid cycle
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Citric acid cycle
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repeating sequence of reactions that occur in mitochondria
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DNA
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deoxyribonucleic acid
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obligatory base-pairing
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the same 2 bases pair off with each other in DNA molecule
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codon
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a sequence of base pairs forms a code word or triplet
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Transcription
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double strands separate in DNA and RNA nucleotide pair with DNA nucleotide;synthesis of mRNA molecules within the nucleus
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Translation
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synthesis of polypeptide chains at ribosome in response to info contained in mRNA
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anticodon
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contains 3 bases that complement one mRNA codon
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Cytokinesis
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splitting the plasma membrane and cytoplasm into two
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Mitosis
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organizing and distribution nuclear DNA; cell division of non sex cells
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PMAT
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prophase metaphase anaphase telophase
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interphase
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growth phase between cell divisions
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Meiosis
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reduction division, gametes are produced from primitive sex cells
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zygote
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1st cell of human offspring
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hypertrophy
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increase in cell size
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atrophy
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decrease in cell size
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neoplasm
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tumor or abnormal growth; benign or malignant
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hyperplasia
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excessive cell reproductions
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benign
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tumor that doesnt metastasize
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malignant
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tumor that does metastasize
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anaplasia
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cells change orientation to each other and fail to mature properly
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dysplasia
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change in shape size or organization of cells in tissue; associated with neoplasms
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necrosis
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death of cells in tissue due to an injury or pathological condition
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Apoptosis
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cell suicide
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cystic fibrosis
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thick mucus secretions in the lungs
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duchenne muscular dystrophy
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leaky membranes in muscle cells trigger chemical reactions that destroy muscle causing paralysis
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type 2 diabetes
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cellular response to obesity; cells become less sensitive to insulin; cells starve for glucose
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